Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): An overview of the condition and research evidence

Priscila Caçola,Guilherme Lage

doi:10.1590/s1980-6574201900020001

Abstract

Abstract Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by impairments in the development of motor coordination. The uncoordinated movements of children with DCD lead to performance difficulties in daily life activities and academic settings. Despite the high prevalence of this condition (2-7%) and severe consequences associated with it, DCD is not well recognized in clinical and educational practices, particularly in Brazil. This review provides an overview of DCD and the research evidence - we present definitions and characteristics associated with the condition, the diagnostic criteria, associated difficulties, frequent co-morbidities and a summary of the possible causes. Finally, we review management strategies and intervention approaches for DCD. We also discuss some of the common challenges of the field - while DCD has been largely studied in the last decade, there are still many gaps between research and practice that need to be filled. Awareness and dissemination of relevant, scientific information is necessary. In conclusion, DCD is a significant condition with a clear diagnostic criteria, and requires intervention to improve motor and functional skills, which can improve the associated difficulties as well as the physical and mental health consequences of the condition.

Highlights

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition involving problems in motor coordination that affect activities of daily living and academic achievement[1]
It is understood as poor motor proficiency that significantly interferes with daily living activities
We will use the definition created by the CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research3: “DCD is a motor skill disorder that occurs when a delay in the development of motor skills, or difficulty coordinating movements, results in a child being unable to perform common, everyday tasks

Summary

Introduction

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition involving problems in motor coordination that affect activities of daily living and academic achievement[1]. DCD can be explained as difficulties or impairments in the performance of “age-appropriate” activities, and has been described as problems in motor coordination despite appropriate levels of intelligence. Children with DCD do not have an identifiable medical or neurological condition that explains their coordination problems”. (ICD-10)[4], follows the DSM-5 definition and diagnostic criteria, categorizing DCD as a Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function (Code F82), and adding the terms “Clumsy Child Syndrome” and “Developmental Dyspraxia” as applicable to the condition. Assessment tools that measure other domains of development should be considered, such as those measuring cognitive ability, activities of daily living, participation, emotional function, etc

Findings

Discussion

Conclusion