Developmental Changes and Among-Sibling Variation of Corticosterone Levels in an Altricial Avian Species

Abstract

The postnatal development of the activity of the brain–pituitary–adrenal axis was investigated in an altricial bird species by measurements of plasma corticosterone levels in nestling and fledgling canaries, Serinus canaria. Corticosterone was detectable (>2.6 ng/ml) in 30% of 5-day-old, 67% of 10-day-old, 72% of 15-day-old, and 88% of 23-day-old birds. When detectable, the corticosterone levels of 5-day-old nestlings were comparable to the baseline levels of adult birds. Levels were higher in 10- and 15- than in 5-day-old nestlings. The levels of 23-day-old fledglings (about 6 to 7 days after fledging) were significantly higher than those of 15-day-old nestlings. They were intermediate between adult baseline and stress-induced levels. Sex did not influence this general profile, but levels varied with the order of hatching within broods. At the age of 15 and 23 days first hatched chicks had higher corticosterone levels than last hatched chicks, while second hatched chicks had intermediate levels. These differences were not correlated with body mass. The results suggest that (1) the brain–pituitary–adrenal axis of this altricial bird becomes fully functional after hatching and (2) birth order within broods influences corticosterone secretion during subsequent stages of development. It is unlikely that the brain–pituitary–adrenal axis matures at different rates in first and later hatched chicks or that the different levels of first and later hatched chicks were caused by capture and handling stress. Rather, they may result from such maternal effects as hatching asynchrony or differential concentrations of yolk steroids among the eggs in a clutch. Further studies will have to show whether this systematic variation of corticosterone levels among siblings during early life persists into adulthood and how it is related to behavior and fitness.