Development path of low aspect ratio tokamak power plants

Abstract

Recent advances in tokamak physics indicate that a spherical tokamak may offer a magnetic fusion development path that can be started with a small size pilot plant and progress smoothly to larger power plants. Full calculations of stability to kink and ballooning modes show the possibility of greater than 50% β-toroidal with the normalized β [ β N= β T/(I/aβ)] as high as 10 and fully aligned 100% bootstrap current. Such β-values coupled with 2–3 T toroidal fields imply a pilot plant about the size of the present DIII-D tokamak could produce ∼800 MW thermal, 160 MW net electric, and would have a ratio of gross electric power over recirculating power ( Q PLANT) of 1.9. The high β values in the ST mean that E×B shear stabilization of turbulence should be ten times more effective in the ST than in present tokamaks, implying that the required high quality of confinement needed to support such high beta values will be obtained. The anticipated β values are so high that the allowable neutron flux at the blanket sets the device size, not the physics constraints. The ST has a favorable size scaling so that at 2–3 times the pilot plant size the Q PLANT rises to 4–5, an economic range and 4 GW thermal power plants result. Current drive power requirements for 10% of the plasma current are consistent with the plant efficiencies quoted. The unshielded copper centerpost should have an adequate lifetime against nuclear transmutation-induced resistance change and the low voltage, high current power supplies needed for the 12-turn TF coil appear reasonable. The favorable size scaling of the ST and the high β mean that in large sizes, if the copper TF coil is replaced with a superconducting TF coil and a shield, the advanced fuel D-He 3 could be burned in a device with Q PLANT∼4. If the anticipated physics of the ST regime can be proven in near-term experiments and engineering challenges (such as the high power density to be exhausted and centerpost neutronics issues) can be met, then the ST offers the possibility of a magnetic fusion development path with a minimal cost initial step and exciting further possibilities.