Abstract
Abstract Navigational safety necessitates careful route monitoring, which includes staying on the planned course. For a ship to achieve effective route monitoring while changing course, a wheel over point (WOP) must be precisely calculated and marked on a charted course. The reason is to warn the watchkeeping officer that the ship must make a course alteration to prevent overshooting the intended route. One of the techniques for appraising the WOP is the advance transfer technique (ATT). During a practical review by means of an electronic and paper chart work exercise of the ATT, this study discovered two research gaps related to the technique. Following that, this study created an improved advance transfer mathematical model (ATMM) by restructuring the use of the ship’s turning circle to overcome the limitations discovered. To validate the improvement of the ATMM over the ATT, data were collected by evaluating both methods using a ship simulator and performing a manoeuvring analysis. The data, specifically the reduction in the cross-track distance (XTD), was validated in three verification stages: compliance with XTL, percentage change, and Mann‒Whitney U test using IBM SPSS. In comparison to the ATT, the ATMM produces better results in terms of the course-keeping capability and it can be implemented as an algorithm in an integrated bridge navigation system for autonomous ship navigation safety.
Highlights
OF STUDYThe primary function of commercial shipping is to transport freight to its destination safely
A Reminder to the Navigation Officer The wheel over point (WOP) refers to the point on the plotted course that serves as a reminder to the navigation officer to commence the course alteration so that the ship does not deviate from the intended course [10]
In measuring the efficiency of the advance transfer mathematical model (ATMM) over the advance transfer technique (ATT), this study has considered and chosen the validation analysis which can comply with the requirements set by IMO [46]
Summary
The primary function of commercial shipping is to transport freight to its destination safely. Any operation on board the ship necessitates careful preparation, planning, execution, and monitoring to ensure shipboard safety [2]. The watchkeeping officer will change the ship’s heading if needed to ensure that the ship’s direction matches the charted course This intervention will keep the ship on course and prevent the XTD from developing. If the pilot carries out the course alteration after the WOP, the master or navigation officer may interfere and overrule the pilot’s authority [27]. It is critical to establish an exact location for the WOP [4], [30] Even those who are highly skilled and competent may lack situational awareness, have inaccurate judgement, or be unfamiliar with novel circumstances. The navigation officer and the ship’s master must create a procedure for verifying the pilot’s judgement [31]
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