Abstract
The current situation, heavily influenced by the ongoing pandemic, puts vaccines back into the spotlight. However, the conventional and traditional vaccines present disadvantages, particularly related to immunogenicity, stability, and storage of the final product. Often, such products require the maintenance of a “cold chain,” impacting the costs, the availability, and the distribution of vaccines. Here, after a recall of the mode of action of vaccines and the types of vaccines currently available, we analyze the past, present, and future of vaccine formulation. The past focuses on conventional formulations, the present discusses the use of nanoparticles for vaccine delivery and as adjuvants, while the future presents microneedle patches as alternative formulation and administration route. Finally, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of injectable solutions, nanovaccines, and microneedles in terms of efficacy, stability, and patient-friendly design.Graphical abstractDifferent approaches to vaccine formulation development, the conventional vaccine formulations from the past, the current development of lipid nanoparticles as vaccines, and the near future microneedles formulations are discussed in this review.
Highlights
The challenging months of 2020 have brought to the forefront the critical issues associated with the discovery and formulation of effective treatments and, a vaccine during epidemics and pandemics [1]
Many of these studies found that the PEGylation of nanoparticles, such as liposomes, and micelles can induce the generation of anti-PEG antibody by repeated injection in the animals [61]
The antigenicity of poly(sarcosine) and nanoparticle properties influenced the generation of immunoglobulin G 3 (IgG3) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) by different methods [64]
Summary
The challenging months of 2020 have brought to the forefront the critical issues associated with the discovery and formulation of effective treatments and, a vaccine during epidemics and pandemics [1]. The critical analyses on pandemic preparedness after the H1N1 pandemic highlighting the failure to distribute enough vaccines where they were needed, when they were needed, had not been implemented before the emergence of SARS-CoV2 [5] This has caused a delay in the discovery and formulation. The current pandemic highlighted the challenges related to timely distribution of vaccines for seasonal flu or other diseases, together with the problematic “cold chain” [7]. These challenges are heavily dependent on the vaccine formulations and their features (Table 1), and thereby, on pharmaceutical technology research and innovations. The main body of the article will analyze the past conventional formulations, the present solutions entertained by nanotechnology, and the future developments
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