Development of two-step noncatalytic esterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel preparation

Abstract

An innovative two-step noncatalytic esterification technique was proposed to synthesize alkyl esters from free fatty acids simulated in waste cooking oil, as a pretreatment process for biodiesel production, without adding any catalyst under normal conditions of pressure and temperature. The effect of methanol:oil molar ratio, reaction time, mixing rate, and reaction temperature were investigated. The results confirmed that the conversion of the reaction was increased when increasing the methanol molar ratio and decreased in prolonged reaction temperature. High conversion (94.545%) was successfully achieved at optimized conditions of 115:1, 65:1 methanol:oil molar ratio in the first step and second step, respectively, other conditions in both steps were found to be 9 s reaction time, 450 rpm mixing rate, and 62 °C reaction temperature by response surface methodology central composite design. Noncatalytic esterification, which eliminates the complications corresponding with catalyst utilization such as additional cost, time-wasting, and separation requirements, could be considered as a promising pretreatment technique to reduce the high acidity of waste cooking oil to the acceptable limit of 1 mg KOH/g oil or less in two steps, for biodiesel synthesize.