Abstract
The aim of this present work was to prepare triamcinolone acetonide (TA)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (TA-loaded NLCs) for buccal drug delivery systems using the Box-Behnken design. A hot homogenization method was used to prepare the TA-loaded NLCs. Spermaceti (X1), soybean oil (X2), and Tween 80 (X3) were used as solid lipid, liquid lipid, and stabilizer, respectively. The particle size of TA-loaded NLCs was lower than 200 nm and the zeta potential displayed the negative charge in all formulations. The percentage encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of the TA-loaded NLCs showed that it was higher than 80% for all formulations. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) confirmed that the size of TA-loaded NLCs was approximately 100 nm and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed that the TA could be incorporated in the NLC system. The Higuchi model gave the highest value of the R2, indicating that this model was a fit for the TA release profiles of TA-loaded NLCs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to observe the drug penetration within the porcine buccal mucosa and Nile red-loaded NLCs showed significantly higher penetration depth at 8 h than at 2 h. Therefore, TA-loaded NLCs could be an efficient carrier for drug delivery through the buccal mucosa.
Highlights
Over the last decades to the present day, the buccal mucosa route has been extensively investigated for the delivery of various drugs, peptides, and macromolecules for local or systemic treatment because of its many advantages, such as the avoidance of drug degradation in the GI tract, avoiding the first pass metabolism, and the high blood supply [1,2]
The Higuchi model gave the highest value of the R2, indicating that this model was a fit for the triamcinolone acetonide (TA) release profiles of TA-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)
The result correlated with the result of increasing the amount of liquid lipid: the particle size was smaller when it was higher
Summary
Over the last decades to the present day, the buccal mucosa route has been extensively investigated for the delivery of various drugs, peptides, and macromolecules for local or systemic treatment because of its many advantages, such as the avoidance of drug degradation in the GI tract, avoiding the first pass metabolism, and the high blood supply [1,2]. An important limitation of the drug delivery through the buccal mucosa is the low permeation leading to low bioavailability [1,2]. To increase the drug permeability, the drug delivery using a nanoparticle is an interesting approach to overcoming the limitation. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are a popular and well-researched nanoparticle preparation used in many fields of pharmaceutics, including many routes for drug delivery, such as topical skin, ocular, pulmonary, parenteral injection, and oral administration including buccal mucosa [3,6,7,8]. NLCs have displayed many advantages over conventional carriers, such as increased permeability and bioavailability, reduced adverse effect, and large-scale production
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