Abstract
We employ an effective kinetic description, based on the Boltzmann equation in the relaxation time approximation, to study the space-time dynamics and development of transverse flow of small and large collision systems. By combining analytical insights in the small opacity limit with numerical simulations at larger opacities, we are able to describe the development of transverse flow from very small to very large opacities. Suprisingly, we find that deviations between kinetic theory and hydrodynamics persist even in the limit of very large opacities, which can be attributed to the presence of the early pre-equilibrium phase.
Highlights
The collective flow of soft hadrons produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has become one of the cornerstones to establish the existence of deconfined quark gluon plasma (QGP) and to characterize the properties of strong-interaction matter under extreme conditions
The space-time dynamics of relativistic heavy-ion collisions is commonly described in terms of relativistic viscous hydrodynamics [1–5], which provides an accurate description of experimental measurements of soft hadron production and collective flow at RHIC and LHC
relaxation time approximation (RTA) as a simple model to study the space-time dynamics of small and large systems created in high-energy hadronic collisions
Summary
The collective flow of soft hadrons produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has become one of the cornerstones to establish the existence of deconfined quark gluon plasma (QGP) and to characterize the properties of strong-interaction matter under extreme conditions. The space-time dynamics of relativistic heavy-ion collisions is commonly described in terms of relativistic viscous hydrodynamics [1–5], which provides an accurate description of experimental measurements of soft hadron production and collective flow at RHIC and LHC. Based on the tremendous success in quantifying properties of the QGP produced in heavy-ion collisions [6–9], different groups have performed hydrodynamic calculations for small systems [10–24], which provide a reasonable description of the experimentally observed collective flow in proton-nucleus and proton-proton collisions [25–27].
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