Development of Transportation Models Based on Students’ Interest in a Parking Charging System at Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)

Traffic congestion is one of the main problems in the transportation system. This continues to happen because road capacity is no longer able to accommodate the number of vehicles, while the number of vehicles continues to increase every year. Based on statistical data sourced from the Indonesian National Police, the number of private vehicles increased significantly each year. People prefer to use private vehicles to travel. Security issues, comfort, and travel expenses flexibility are the reason they prefer to use private vehicles. Taxi should be a solution for them, because taxi is more flexible, convenient, and safe compared to other public transportation. But the problems of security and ease of access that back into obstacles. Bandung Smart Transportation System (BSTS) is present as one of technology Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) use Bandung City as a case study. BSTS is a system developed with the aim to collect all traffic information integrated with the transport system infrastructure and manage information centrally. This research discusses the designing of gamification system in a taxi booking service. Aims to increase the interest, motivation, loyalty and further the public to continue using BSTS and use public transportation. If peoples more interested in public transportation, expected to reduce the use of private vehicles. So the number of vehicles can be reduced and traffic arrangements can be run better as it can be ascertained that the drivers on the road is a professional driver.

TransJakarta since 2004 was expected as the backbone of the public transportation in Jakarta as well as TransMilenio in Bogota. However, the role of TransJakarta only approximately 1, 95% of the overall number of trips has reached 19 million/day. The analysis technique on this paper is descriptive analysis. TransJakarta operational perceived is still not effective, so that the necessary efforts to increase modal share sourced from BRT management best practice in other countries. Efforts could be made to increase modal share, among others, the elimination of thousands of parking and replaced by pedestrian friendly also develop a separate bike lane along 303 km in Bogota (Colombia). TransJakarta operational is still considered less in some aspects that are: total of fTransJakarta fleet, total of feeder route, Transjakarta speed and headway still need improved, overtaking lanes are built along the TransJakarta route, Integration with all public transport is absolutely necessary, integration with pedestrians and bicycle users TransJakarta ticket fares should be integrated with feeder and other public transportation such as KRL, city buses and paratransit and using smartcards. In terms of restrictions on the use of private vehicles can be done in the following ways implement a bike-sharing program, implement program of not using motor vehicles during weekdays for 1 day in a week, providing park and ride, implement fuel restriction program for gasoline purchases, implement car sharing program. If the operational performance of TransJakarta has been improved and restrictions on the use of private motor vehicles are implemented, it is expected that the modal split of road users in Jakarta can be expected to rise to be more ideal. In some other parts of the world some experts say ideal conditions of split capital between public transport and private vehicles can reach 65%: 35%. Hopefully the city of Jakarta can achieve this .

When attempts are made to incorporate shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) into urban mobility services, public transportation (PT) systems are affected by the changes in mode share. In light of that, a simulation-based method is presented herein for analyzing the manner in which mode choices of local travelers change between PT and SAVs. The data used in this study were the modal split ratios measured based on trip generation in the major cities of South Korea. Subsequently, using the simulated results, a city-wide impact analysis method is proposed that can reflect the differences between the two mode types with different travel behaviors. As the supply–demand ratio of SAVs increased in type 1 cities, which rely heavily on PT, use of SAVs gradually increased, whereas use of PT and private vehicles decreased. Private vehicle numbers significantly reduced only when SAVs and PT systems were complementary. In type 2 cities, which rely relatively less on PT, use of SAVs gradually increased, and use of private vehicles decreased; however, no significant impact on PT was observed. Private vehicle numbers were observed to reduce when SAVs were operated, and the reduction was a minimum of thrice that in type 1 cities when SAVs and PT systems interacted. Our results can therefore aid in the development of strategies for future SAV–PT operations.

The expenditure on private vehicle usage is an important aspect of the budget allocation process of households, which has important implications for the sustainable urban development and transport, energy and environmental policy making. This paper examines the gasoline consumption demand of Greek households using cross-sectional micro-data from a country-wide Household Budget Survey (HBS) during the period 2004/05. The two-step Heckman modeling methodology is adopted to jointly estimate the probability of selecting to use private vehicle and the amount of using it. In this way, it can help to identify and better explain factors for which some private vehicle owners/holders do (not) actually consume that mode. The results offer valuable insight into the existence of feedback relationship between the decision-making mechanisms of selecting to use private vehicle and amount of usage, in terms of the amount of money spent for gasoline consumption. They also indicate the statistically significant impact of region-specific fixed effects, which implies that unobserved or omitted factors associated with each Region have a different impact on the decision to choose and the amount of using private vehicle. The income variable has a statistically significant positive impact on the selection and usage of a private vehicle. The estimated income elasticity suggests that a private vehicle travel is relatively inelastic (normal and necessity good). Its value reflects the increased car dependence and it is within the range of other income elasticities found in the literature. The male gender of household head, the amount of cars owned, the participation of family members in the labour market, the family size (a single-parent or couples with at least one child older than 18 years-old) and the expenditure on communication and tourism increase the probability of private vehicle gasoline consumption. The latter finding verifies that private vehicle constitutes an important means of transport during vacation. The use of communication devices, especially a mobile phone, reinforces the use of private vehicle, as it weakens the need for short-range activity planning in advance and the range and extent of social networking. On the contrary, the high population densities, the connection to the internet and the aging of household head reduce the probability of private vehicle gasoline consumption. The above results signify the role of personal and intra-household constraints, mostly related to size and aging structure, on the selection and use of a private vehicle. The expenditure on most other transport categories, such as an urban public transport, taxi, coach and rail negatively and statistically significantly affect private vehicle gasoline consumption. This outcome stresses the competitive relationship between the private vehicle and other transport modes which are mainly used in urban areas (urban bus, metro, and taxi). The study findings suggest the design of more sustainable leisure travel services, focussed on upgrading the quality of public transport modes servicing tourist resort areas. Policy measures to manage private vehicle use must be spatially targeted, accounting for the local climate, residential densities, infrastructure and accessibility conditions and the service quality of alternative modes in each Region. These measures can be supplemented with the adoption of suitable information and communication technologies to reduce the demand for private vehicle travel and increase the level of public transport services, as well as investments in clean vehicle technologies.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.1.1226

This study examines the environmental impacts of roundtrip car sharing services by investigating transportation behavior. Car sharing should contribute to reduced greenhouse gas GHG emissions; however, such schemes include both positive and negative environmental effects, including: (1) reduced CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) from substituting private vehicle use for more fuel-efficient car sharing vehicles, (2) increased CO2e as car-less individuals switch from public transit to car sharing vehicles and (3) reduced CO2e due to fewer vehicles. This study examines the impacts of this modal shift on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using three types of models: a mixed logit model to analyze car sharing service preferences; a binary logit model to analyze whether individuals are willing to forgo vehicle ownership or planned purchases to use car sharing services; and a linear regression to determine how much private vehicle or public transportation use would be replaced by car sharing and the resulting effects on mobility. Total emissions from the current car sharing market equal 1,025,589.36 t CO2e/year. However, an increase in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations to 50% of the number of gasoline-fuel stations would increase the probability of electric car sharing vehicle use, thereby reducing emissions by 655,773 t CO2e. This study shows that forgoing vehicle purchases does not offset the increased GHG emissions caused by the shift from public transportation or private vehicle use to car sharing.

Willingness to pay to improve air quality: A study of private vehicle owners in Klang Valley, Malaysia

The sudden increase in the use of private vehicles contributed to the increase in traffic congestion, road accidents and pollution. The rise in ownership of private vehicles is caused by, among others, the problem of public transports being unable to fulfil the public’s needs. This made the commuters prefer to use their own vehicles rather than public transports. Based on this scenario, a study has been conducted particularly in UKM (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia), to study the factors that can diminish the problem of traffic congestion. The main objective of this study is to form a model of shifts of transportation modes from private vehicles to public transports (buses) based on the ‘fuel price increase’ factor (Malaysian Ringgit) to see the change in vehicle preference. This study has succesfully produced a model that relates the fuel price to modes of transportation shift by obtaining a correlation exceeding 0.9. The test of sensitivity for the model showed that the rate of fuel price hike influenced at least 88% of private vehicle users to shift to public transports if the fuel price reached RM2.75. From this study, it can also be concluded that the effects of fuel price increase influenced the shift of preference from private to public transports with the types of vehicles and the rate of price increase as variables.

Private vehicle ownership in University Malaysia Sabah (UMS) has increased year after year, resulting in severe traffic congestion, particularly during peak hours. In this research, it is hypothesised that the mode of transportation chosen by UMS students may be determined by the affordability of the bike sharing system's rental fee. This research has been carried out to model on Faculty of Science and Natural Resources student’s readiness to implement bike sharing system at University Malaysia Sabah. The key objective of this research is to develop transport model of the user’s readiness to shift from the private vehicle to bike sharing system in terms of rental charging factor (per use and per hour) in Ringgit Malaysia (RM). In the conclusion of the study, a transportation model on rental charges will be established, and it is anticipated that once rental pricing is introduced, the percentage of private vehicles that are converted to bike sharing will increase. Transferring private car users to a bike sharing scheme has the potential to lower the number of private automobiles in the UMS and so assist alleviate traffic congestion. Hypothetically, this concept is seen necessary for mitigating the negative influence of private vehicles in UMS. The Stated Preference Survey was employed in this study. Questionnaires were prepared and delivered online to 160 responders. Following that, the data is analysed using linear regression to create a logistic model. The model predicts that the number of individuals ready to use bike sharing system increase linearly when the rental charging fee decreases. Therefore, as the rental charging fee reduce, more people will shift to bike sharing system.

This study investigates the potential effects of parking pricing on the private vehicle use of residents of the campuses of large compounds such as universities. For this purpose, a parking pricing model is estimated for the academicians working at the Ayazaga Campus of Istanbul Technical University. Similar to many campus areas, the major problems of this campus are the insufficiency of parking supply and the campus's contribution to the congestion on the surrounding road network. The study combines revealed and stated preference data obtained from a questionnaire, estimates a mode choice model in order to explore responses to different parking pricing scenarios and execute willingness-to-pay analysis. The analyses show that significant switches to mass transit modes can be sustained if parking pricing is introduced.

Parking is an absolute part of a journey, especially if one uses a private vehicle. Studies on parking have been conducted since the 1970s as part of the literature on individual travel, which is developing quite rapidly and is becoming increasingly important in urban planning; it is directly related to the availability of land used for parking. Public parking lots are found in the downtown area (CBD) and the commercial area. One example of cities that experience lack of available off-street parking lots in the city center is the Cimahi. Consequently, it gives rise to congestion and increased use of private vehicles that are increasingly high; with the number of vehicles being 312,033 units, around 80% were motorcycles. Based on the results of the calculation of several models, the response chosen was the response of switching to public transportation, having a Nagelkerke R Square value of 41.1%, with seven variables having a significant partial effect. Furthermore, after calculating using a probability analysis of public transport users with tariff options on stated preference responses with the lowest tariff of Rp2,000 will result in 55.65% of the opportunity to switch modes from private vehicles to public transportation.

Mode choice in transportation is influenced by factors such as comfort, safety, travel time, cost, and reliability, with most commuters in Banda Aceh preferring private vehicles due to flexibility and efficiency. Travel time and travel cost are identified as major barriers preventing people from switching to public transport, which is often considered less attractive. While studies abroad examine elasticity from multiple perspectives, research in Indonesia has mainly focused on vehicle attributes. The objective of this paper is to analyze the elasticity of travel time and travel cost for users of private vehicles and public transportation. The study employs a binary probit model to estimate elasticity values, utilizing data from a Stated Preference survey of transportation users. The results show that both trip attributes and individual characteristics significantly influence transport mode choice. Longer travel distances, higher travel time, and increased operating costs raise the likelihood of choosing public transport, while being male and having higher education also increase the tendency to select it. Conversely, motorcycle ownership strongly favors private mode choice, and holding a valid driver’s license is an important determinant of travel behavior. The elasticity analysis further reveals that reducing travel and access times for the TransK bus could significantly increase its usage, while policies restricting private vehicle use, such as the odd-even system, may also encourage shifts toward public transport. The study concludes that mode choice in Banda Aceh is mainly driven by travel time, with TransK highly responsive to time improvements, while private vehicles dominate despite cost changes. Encouraging public transport use requires faster, more reliable bus services and restrictions on private vehicle advantages.

Why do improvements in public transit sometimes result in an increase in private vehicle use, and sometimes a decrease? We investigate improvements in rapid transit (RT) within a monocentric city model featuring congestion in commuting modes, and mode choice between public RT and private vehicles. While RT improvements increase city size, population, and aggregate land values, their effect on private vehicle use depends on road congestion levels. Vehicle kilometres travelled can increase after an RT improvement when roads are sufficiently congested. Policies to reduce road use in congested cities by improving RT should be paired with disincentives to private transportation.

The effect of transportation policies on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission from urban passenger transportation

Communities in general are in urgent need of public transportation beside private vehicles as a means of supporting the transportation of daily activities to meet their needs. The problem in big cities in Indonesia is urban transportation, especially big cities that are crowded like in JABODETABEK. The increasing number of residents of South Tangerang city is 3.27% high and the increase of the number of both motorcycles and four wheels is not followed by the improvement of urban public transportation service quality. Communities also negatively assess public services, especially urban transport that makes them choose to use private vehicles that can cause problems lannya social problems plus the lack of regulation in the use of private vehicles. The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the relationship of urban public transportation concept which influenced by service quality, perceived value and government regulation.The research method used is Structural Equation Modeling LISREL with population of urban transport passengers in south tangerang with 400 respondents. The result of this research shows that consumer behavior is influenced by service quality, perceived value an. And there is a positive mediation effect of service quality and perceived value on consumer behavior

Communities in general are in urgent need of public transportation beside private vehicles as a means of supporting the transportation of daily activities to meet their needs. The problem in big cities in Indonesia is urban transportation, especially big cities that are crowded like in Jabodetabek. The increasing number of residents of South Tangerang city is 3.27% high and the increase of the number of both motorcycles and four wheels is not followed by the improvement of urban public transportation service quality. Communities also negatively assess public services, especially urban transport that makes them choose to use private vehicles that can cause problems lannya social problems plus the lack of regulation in the use of private vehicles. The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the relationship of urban public transportation concept which influenced by service quality, perceived value and government regulation. The research method used is Structural Equation Modeling LISREL with population of urban transport passengers in south tangerang with 400 respondents. The result of this research shows that consumer behavior is influenced by service quality, perceived value an. And there is a positive mediation effect of service quality and perceived value on consumer behavior