Abstract
Abstract Success in youth sport is underpinned by a range of chronological age- and biological maturity status-related factors which affect performance in a sex- and sport-specific manner. Pubertal changes in body size, shape, composition, muscle metabolism, muscle strength, aerobic fitness, and anaerobic fitness strongly influence sport performance but biological clocks run at different rates. As selection and retention in youth sport is based on chronological age, competition is not always on a level playing field. Young athletes benefit from exercise training but there is no convincing evidence of the existence of a ‘maturation threshold’ below which the effects of training will be minimal or will not occur, or of ‘windows of opportunity’ during which training effects are enhanced. Participation in sport provides a positive environment for the promotion of personal development but evidence is accumulating that elite youth sport also presents risks to current and future health and well-being.
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