Development of the natural response of immunoglobulin secreting cells in the pig as a function of organ, age and housing

Abstract

We analysed the development of the natural immunoglobulin-secreting cell (Ig-SC) response in systemic- and mucosal-lymphoid tissues of specified pathogen free pigs between 1 and 40 weeks of age. As antigen exposure may influence the development of the Ig-SC repertoire we also compared the frequencies of Ig-SC in various lymphoid tissues of 40 weeks old specified pathogen free pigs and conventional pigs. A procedure to isolate lamina propria cells from porcine intestine was adapted for this study. The frequencies of IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-secreting (spot forming) cells were determined with a reversed enzyme linked immunospot assay, which was also adapted for detection of Ig-SC in pigs. The Ig-SC frequencies were calculated as percentage of the mononuclear leukocytes isolated from the various organs. The observations till 40 weeks of age were as follows: Splenic IgM-SC predominated at all ages and reached a plateau of 0.1–0.2% of the mononuclear leukocytes already at 4 weeks of age. The IgM-SC of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) predominated up till 12 weeks of age and reached an optimum of 0.15% reached at 4 weeks of age. The frequencies of IgG-SC of spleen and MLN had dips around 4 weeks of age and increased thereafter till 40 weeks of age (spleen 0.025%, MLN 0.05% at 40 weeks of age). The frequencies of IgA-SC were low in the spleen (⩽0.003%) and moderate in the MLN (0.01–0.02%) at all ages tested. In peripheral lymph node (PLN) and bone marrow (BM), the frequencies of IgM-SC (0.03–0.05%) were much lower than in the spleen. The IgG-SC frequencies of BM and MLN also had dips around 4 weeks of age and increased thereafter. The IgG-SC frequency of BM reached a plateau at 12 weeks of age (0.15%) and for PLN the highest frequency was observed at 40 weeks of age (0.05%). The frequencies of IgA-SC were low in BM and PLN (<0.003%). High frequencies of IgA-SC were observed in mucosa associated tissue like Peyer’s patches (PP) and intestinal lamina propria (till 20% of the mononuclear leukocytes in intestinal lamina propria of 12–40 weeks of age). IgM and IgA are both important isotypes in mucosal lymphoid organs in the pig. The shift from IgM to IgA as predominant, mucosal isotype was first observed in duodenum and jejunum (12 weeks) and later in ileum (40 weeks). The influence of ageing on the frequency of Ig-SC in PP was only observed in jejunal PP, whereas in ileal PP the frequencies of Ig-SC did not vary over time. We combined our data about the frequencies of IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-SC in various organs with data obtained by others about the distribution of lymphocytes over porcine lymphoid organs at about 12 weeks of age. Based on these calculations we concluded that the small intestine, with more than 80% of all Ig-SC, is far most the major site of Ig production in the pig. We also concluded that the small intestine is the major site of IgA and IgM production cells in the pig. Although IgA becomes predominant along the intestine, the results demonstrated that in the pig IgM is more a mucosal isotype compared with other species. With 40% of all IgG-SC the porcine BM appeared to be the major site of IgG production. Unexpected results were obtained for IgG-SC in the systemic lymphoid organs. In these organs the frequencies of IgG-SC dropped firstly from 1 to 4 weeks of age and steadily increased thereafter till 40 weeks of age. This observation is discussed in relation to the possibility that systemic IgG-SC at one week of age were passively acquired from maternal colostrum. The influence of housing/antigenic load at 40 weeks of age was mainly expressed by an increase (2–8×) of the frequency of IgG-SC in spleen, PLN, BM, and intestinal lamina propria, whereas the typical mucosal IgA-SC frequencies in the lamina propria were hardly affected.