Abstract
While existing indices of gender equality measure the role of women’s status and position, they inadequately contextualize the broader construct of patriarchy, a social system that underlies many gender inequitable practices. An index capturing patriarchy may afford increased understanding of this social system, and may serve to complement other gender equality indices. This paper involves the development and testing of a novel composite measure, the India Patriarchy Index, to quantify the social and ideological construct of patriarchy using empirical data on family structure and gender roles. Using data from India’s National Family Health Survey, we develop an India Patriarchy Index to measure gendered social positioning in families based on sex by age, patrilocality, sex ratio imbalance among offspring, and gendered economic roles. Psychometric testing demonstrates good internal reliability and construct validity of this index, with validity indicated by its association with three gender equality indices used in India. Spatial and temporal analyses further indicate much state-level variation in India Patriarchy Index scores as well as slow change on this indicator over time, based on time trend analyses from 1992–93 to 2015–16. Results demonstrate the utility of the India Patriarchy Index to measure and track gender equality progress in India.
Highlights
Twenty-five years ago was a tipping point in prioritizing and measuring progress on women’s development at national and international levels, with the 4th Conference on Women in Beijing and the introduction of the Gender Development Index, the first ever index seeking to measure and rank nations based on gender gaps in life expectancy, education, and per capita income (UNDP, 2019)
3.1 Descriptive Statistics of Variables used in the Construction of India Patriarchy Index
Our analysis shows that the India Patriarchy Index varied by the landholding size of the households (Fig. 4)
Summary
Twenty-five years ago was a tipping point in prioritizing and measuring progress on women’s development at national and international levels, with the 4th Conference on Women in Beijing and the introduction of the Gender Development Index, the first ever index seeking to measure and rank nations based on gender gaps in life expectancy, education, and per capita income (UNDP, 2019). Since this time, a growing number of global indices have been designed to assess gender empowerment at the national level (Raj, 2017), built from indicators available for most national contexts. Sons are rarely permitted to establish their own independent households even after marriage, and, once married, women are traditionally required to live with their husbands in the home of their in-laws
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