Abstract
In 2014, an extensive review discussing the major steps of cardiac development focusing on growth, formation of primary and chamber myocardium and the development of the cardiac electrical system, was published. Molecular genetic lineage analyses have since furthered our insight in the developmental origin of the various component parts of the heart, which currently can be unambiguously identified by their unique molecular phenotype. Moreover, genetic, molecular and cell biological analyses have driven insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of the different cardiac components. Here, we build on our previous review and provide an insight into the molecular mechanistic revelations that have forwarded the field of cardiac development. Despite the enormous advances in our knowledge over the last decade, the development of congenital cardiac malformations remains poorly understood. The challenge for the next decade will be to evaluate the different developmental processes using newly developed molecular genetic techniques to further unveil the gene regulatory networks operational during normal and abnormal cardiac development.
Highlights
In 2014, Sylva, van den Hoff, & Moorman, 2014 published an extensive review discussing the major steps of cardiac development focusing on growth, formation of primary and chamber myocardium and the development of the cardiac electrical system
The electrical impulse resulting in cardiac contraction is triggered in the sinus node, which is located at the entrance of the superior caval vein into the right atrium
The mesodermal cells possess the capacity of entering the cardiac lineage. These precardiac mesodermal cells differentiate into cardiomyocytes, coordinated by Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) growth factors are secreted by the endodermal and ectodermal cells located at the lateral border of the flat embryo at the beginning of the third week of development (CS 8)
Summary
In 2014, Sylva, van den Hoff, & Moorman, 2014 published an extensive review discussing the major steps of cardiac development focusing on growth, formation of primary and chamber myocardium and the development of the cardiac electrical system. The mesodermal cells possess the capacity of entering the cardiac lineage These precardiac mesodermal cells differentiate into cardiomyocytes, coordinated by Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) growth factors are secreted by the endodermal and ectodermal cells located at the lateral border of the flat embryo at the beginning of the third week of development (CS 8). BMP inhibitors secreted by the neural tube regulate the medial expansion and FGF growth factors expressed by the endoderm, determine the posterior border of the of the heart forming region (Harvey, 2002; Moorman, Christoffels, Anderson, & van den Hoff, 2007; Sizarov et al, 2011; van den Hoff, Kruithof, & Moorman, 2004) At this stage differentiation proceeds quickly and the primitive cardiomyocytes start to spontaneously contract as a result of expression of (a) sarcomeric genes forming sarcomers, and (b) ion pumps and channels within the cell membrane allowing spontaneous depolarization. At the dorsal side the heart tube is attached to the body wall via the dorsal (a) right forming foregut left (b) foregut
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