Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire to facilitate the design of acceptable financial health incentive programs. A multiphase psychometric questionnaire development method was used. Theoretical and literature reviews and three focus groups generated a pool of content areas and items. New items were developed to ensure adequate content coverage. Field testing was conducted with a convenience sample of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) patients (n = 59) to establish face and construct validity (p = 0.021) and reliability (intraclass coefficients = 0.42–0.87). The final questionnaire is comprised of 23 items. This questionnaire builds on previous attempts to explore acceptability by sampling a wider range of instrumental and affective attitudes and by measuring the effect of program features on the likelihood of incentive program participation. Future research is now needed to examine whether tailoring incentives to preferences assessed by the questionnaire improves uptake and effectiveness.
Highlights
The societal costs of chronic disease are enormous
Incentives related to social outcomes or that promote social interaction were included in the Health Incentive Program Questionnaire (HIP-Q) as plausible program options
The three psychological needs described in self-determination theory were carefully considered, in the development of the HIP-Q
Summary
The societal costs of chronic disease are enormous. Employers bear their share of this burden as they pay more for unhealthy employees in health costs, disability, and absenteeism expenses. In 2013, for example, US employers paid $9157 (US) per active employee in health costs—up from $7486 in 2009 [1]. This number is expected to increase by 4.4 % (twice the rate of inflation) in 2014. Two thirds of large US employers offer financial incentives for wellness program participation [1]. By offering incentives in the delayed, less salient form of health insurance premium
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