Abstract
Novel technologies such as partial nitritation (PN) and partial denitritation (PDN) could be combined with the anammox-based process in order to alleviate energy input. The former combination, also noted as deammonification, has been intensively studied in a frame of lab and full-scale wastewater treatment in order to optimize operational costs and process efficiency. For the deammonification process, key functional microbes include ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria (AnAOB), which coexisting and interact with heterotrophs and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The aim of the presented review was to summarize current knowledge about deammonification process principles, related to microbial interactions responsible for the process maintenance under varying operational conditions. Particular attention was paid to the factors influencing the targeted selection of AOB/AnAOB over the NOB and application of the mathematical modeling as a powerful tool enabling accelerated process optimization and characterization. Another reviewed aspect was the potential energetic and resources savings connected with deammonification application in relation to the technologies based on the conventional nitrification/denitrification processes.
Highlights
The excess amount of the nutrients, released to the environment from the point sources, such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), is associated with eutrophication process acceleration and threatens aquatic life
Anammox bacteria are responsible for the oxidation of the ammonium in the presence of the nitrite, which serve as an electron acceptor under limited dissolved oxygen concentration
Cess in the mainstream, for instance, high ratio of COD/N in municipal wastewater leads to the inhibition of ammonia oxidation bacteria (AnAOB) activity; recently, Al‐Hazmi et al (2019) successfully operated the partial nitritation (PN)/A process under a mild ratio of C/N (1–3), when the ratio increased from 1 to 3, total nitrogen removal efficiency increased from 78.96% to 82.92% and 36.7% to 63.3% in the 1st and 2nd series and, respectively [116]
Summary
The excess amount of the nutrients (in particular nitrogen and phosphorus), released to the environment from the point sources, such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), is associated with eutrophication process acceleration and threatens aquatic life. A combination of the nitrification and denitrification is a conventional method for removing nitrogen from wastewater [2]. Systems based on conventional nitrification/denitrification (N/DN) enable to achieve high efficiencies of nitrogen. Systems based on conventional nitrification/denitrification (N/DN) enable to achieve high efficiencies of nitrogen re‐. PN/Acan process can be successfully lab and full‐scale designs for lines in plantslines duein toplants the elimination carbon demand for denitrification and having costside‐stream due to theofelimination of carbon demand for denitrification and effective benefits [9,10].benefits This pathway has diverted due to its appropriate benefits having cost‐effective [9,10]. Simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox, nitrogen and denitrification (SNAD). Which is an example of SNAP (single‐stage removal using anammox partial nitritation), simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox, and denitrification (SNAD). Figure process: single reactor forfor high high activity ammonium removal over nitrite (SHARON) (a) completely autotrophic nitrogen re‐. Savings connected with deammonification application in relation to the technologies based ogies on the conventional nitrification/denitrification on thebased conventional nitrification/denitrification processes. processes
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