Abstract
This research developed models using the multiple linear regression technique for prediction of trihalomethane (THM) removal from chlorinated drinking water sources through a combination of a coagulation process with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Terkos Lake water (TLW), Buyukçekmece Lake water (BLW) and Ulutan Lake water (ULW) samples were coagulated by a conventional coagulant (alum) and increasing doses of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with the addition of alum. Also, chlorination experiments were conducted with water reservoirs from TLW, BLW and ULW, with different water quality regarding bromide concentration and organic matter content. The factors studied affecting THM removal were contact time, chlorine dose, coagulation process, total organic carbon (TOC), and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA). Statistical analysis of the results focused on the development of multiple regression models, as Models 1 and 2, for predicting total trihalomethane (TTHM) based on the use of contact time, SWCNTs and MWCNTs doses, chlorine dose and TOC. When the two models were compared, Model 1 proved best suited to describe THM removal for the three water sources. The developed models provided satisfactory estimations of THM removal; the model regression coefficients for Models 1 and 2 were 0.88 and 0.77, respectively. Furthermore, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) values of 0.083 and 0.126 confirm the reliability of the two models. The results show that THM removal can be simply predicted by using the multiple linear regression technique in chlorinated drinking water sources.
Highlights
A significant public health advance, since the turn of the 20th century several methods have been used for disinfection of drinking water, such as chlorination, ozonation, chlorine dioxide, and ultraviolet irradiation
DOC levels are a significant measurement of natural organic matter (NOM) concentration in water, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm wavelength (UV254) is an indicator of the aromatic content of NOM (Trina et al, 1990; Novak et al, 1992)
The results demonstrated that the highest total organic carbon (TOC) and UV254 absorbance values were determined in Terkos Lake water (TLW) (5.32 mg·L−1 and 0.118 cm−1), followed by Buyukçekmece Lake water (BLW) (4.52 mg·L−1 and 0.1 cm−1), while Ulutan Lake water (ULW) had the lowest level of UV254 absorbance value of 0.075 cm−1
Summary
A significant public health advance, since the turn of the 20th century several methods have been used for disinfection of drinking water, such as chlorination, ozonation, chlorine dioxide, and ultraviolet irradiation. Due to the adverse health effects on humans, stringent regulations have been developed by several international regulatory agencies worldwide (Krasner et al, 2001; Roccaro et al 2014; Singer, 1994; Krasner et al, 2006). Some of these administrations are the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), World Health Organization (WHO), and the European Union (EC) (Toroz and Uyak, 2005; Uyak, 2006). The limit of THMs is 100 μg·L−1 in Turkey
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