Abstract
BackgroundThe Hessian fly response genes, Hfr-1 and Hfr-2, have been reported to be significantly induced in a Hessian fly attack. Nothing is known about the allelic variants of these two genes in susceptible (S) and resistant (R) wheat cultivars.ResultsBasic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis of Hessian fly response genes have identified three alleles of Hessian fly response gene 1 (Hfr-1) on chromosome 4AL and 7DS, and 10 alleles of Hessian fly response gene 2 (Hfr-2) on chromosome 2BS, 2DL, 4BS, 4BL, 5AL and 5BL. Resequencing exons of Hfr-1 and Hfr-2 have identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the lectin domain of each gene that segregates some R sources from S cultivars. Two SNP assays have been developed. The SNP883_Hfr-1 assay characterizes a ‘G/A’ SNP in Hfr-1, which differentiates 14 Hessian fly R cultivars from S ones. The SNP1294_Hfr-2 assay differentiates 12 R cultivars from S ones. Each of the two SNPs identified in Hfr-1 and Hfr-2 is ‘G/A’ and resulted in an amino acid change from isoleucine to valine in the lectin domain of the proteins of the alleles in the R cultivars. In addition to the genotype profiles of Hfr-1 and Hfr-2, generated for a set of 249 wheat cultivars which included a set of 39 R cultivars, this study has genotyped the Hessian fly response gene, HfrDrd, and the H32 gene for the wheat germplasm. Resistant cultivars from different origins with one, two, three or four resistance (R) genes in various combinations/permutations have been identified.ConclusionThis study has identified allelic differences in two Hessian fly response genes, Hfr-1 and Hfr-2, between S and R cultivars and developed one SNP assay for each of the genes. These two SNP assays for Hfr-1 and Hfr-2, together with the published assays for HfrDrd and the H32 gene, can be used for the selection and incorporation of one or more of these 4 R genes identified in the different R sources in wheat breeding programs.
Highlights
The Hessian fly response genes, Hessian fly response gene 1 (Hfr-1) and Hessian fly response gene 2 (Hfr-2), have been reported to be significantly induced in a Hessian fly attack
This study reports on the development of two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays, one each for the selection of the Hessian fly response genes, Hfr-1 and Hfr-2
Genetic linkage maps have been used as the framework for the identification of loci and/or genes linked to desirable traits in plant breeding [36, 37]
Summary
The Hessian fly response genes, Hfr-1 and Hfr-2, have been reported to be significantly induced in a Hessian fly attack. The occurrence of numerous Hessian fly R genes identified in the A, B and D genomes of wheat suggests a long co-evolutionary relationship between wild wheat species and the Hessian fly. These Hessian fly R genes, H1 through H34, had been identified through the genetic analysis of suitable crosses derived from R cultivars [7,8,9].
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