Abstract
To determine population genomic structure through high-throughput sequencing techniques has revolutionized research on non-model organisms. The coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro), is a widely distributed pest in Southern China. Here, we used restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) genotyping to assess the invasion pathway by detecting and estimating the degree of genetic differentiation among 51 B. longissima accessions collected from Southern China. A total of 10,127 SNPs were obtained, the screened single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) information was used to construct the phylogenetic tree, FST analysis, principal component analysis, and population structure analysis. Genetic structure analysis was used to infer the population structure; the result showed that all accessions were divided into Hainan population and non-Hainan population. The Hainan population remained stable, only the Sansha population differentiated, and the non-Hainan populations have gradually differentiated into smaller sub-populations. We concluded that there are two sources of invasion of B. longissima into mainland China: Taiwan and Hainan. With the increase of the invasion time, the Hainan population was relatively stable, and the Taiwan population was differentiated into three sub-populations. Based on the unrooted phylogenetic tree, we infer that Taiwan and Hainan are the two invasive base points. The Taiwan population invaded Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi, while the Hainan population invaded Yunnan and Sansha. Our results provide strong evidence for the utility of RAD sequencing (RAD-seq) in population genetics studies, and our generated SNP resource could provide a valuable tool for population genomics studies of B. longissima in the future.
Highlights
The coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of the coconut palm Cocos nucifera (L.) and other palm trees [1]
We analyzed the genetic diversity and genetic structure among 18 geographic populations collected from 6 provinces in southern China
The use of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular markers to discover the genetic variability of B. longissima showed that its genetic diversity is not related to geographical distance and that it is affected by human factors
Summary
The coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of the coconut palm Cocos nucifera (L.) and other palm trees [1]. The beetle is thought to be native to Indonesia and Papua New. Guinea [3]. Pacific clade is distributed in a relatively limited area Sumba Island), whereas the other named Asian clade covers a wide area, including Asia (i.e., Indonesia, Cambodia, Japan, Myanmar, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam) and the French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu [2]. The cost and effects of the biological control methods are not yet obvious, a new strategy is needed to directly, safely, and effectively control the damage caused by the B. longissima
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