Abstract
Marine mussels of the genus Perna include three species: P. canaliculus, P. viridis and P. perna. While P. canaliculus appears to be greatly restricted to its endemic range of New Zealand, P. perna and P.viridis introductions have been recorded outside their native ranges in several regions of the globe. Such introductions have often resulted in significant negative ecological, economic and social impacts. Perna perna and P.viridis are exotic to Australia and are listed under the Australian Government National System for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pest Incursions as high priority species. Rapid detection of marine pests such as Perna species remains fundamental to their effective containment and control. The present study reports on the development and validation of both conventional and real-time PCR assays suited to the rapid identification and discrimination of juvenile and adult specimens of P. viridis, P. canaliculus and P. perna. The development of a sensitive high-throughput real-time PCR assay offers further potential for the efficient detection of the presence of single Perna specimens in mixed populations of native mussel species, and for early detection of larval stages in ballast water and plankton samples. This assay offers considerable advantages over traditional identification methods and represents an important step in developing capacity for efficient identification and management of Perna species incursions in Australian waters.
Highlights
Throughout the past century, ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been used to kill microorganisms or inactivate them
Because UV light is effective across different types of microorganisms, it has been used as a secondary treatment of both wastewater and drinking water (Wolfe 1990)
UV light is used as component of some ballast water management systems to reduce the transfer and release of potential aquatic nuisance species in ballast water discharged from ships (e.g., Gregg et al 2009)
Summary
Throughout the past century, ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been used to kill microorganisms or inactivate them (that is, sterilize or render cells non-viable, preventing reproduction; Hijnen et al 2006). UV light is used as component of some ballast water management systems to reduce the transfer and release of potential aquatic nuisance species in ballast water discharged from ships (e.g., Gregg et al 2009). Other cellular components can be damaged via UV radiation (including both cell membranes and cytoplasmic proteins; Schwartz 1998), damage to DNA is the main mode of sterilization. In this case, exposure to UV radiation generates pyrimadine dimers (linkages between pyrimidine bases), which interfere with DNA replication (Goodsell 2001; Oguma et al 2002). In ballast water applications, characteristics of the ambient water taken up in ports (such as turbidity and the concentration of chromogenic dissolved organic matter) can attenuate the fluence (Hijnen et al 2006), so these parameters must be accounted for in designing ballast water management systems
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