Development of scintillating crystal hybrid photon detectors for the KM3NeT ( [formula omitted]-scale) deep-sea neutrino telescope

Abstract

Scintillating crystal-based hybrid photon detectors have been demonstrated as viable single photon detectors since 1996 in the Lake Baikal neutrino telescope. Prior to this, the Philips XP2600 was developed under the DUMAND program, while more recently, developments at CERN have demonstrated the advantages of a true concentric geometry with a scintillator at the geometric centre of a spherical photocathode, giving almost 100% electrostatic collection efficiency over 3 π solid angle coverage. We have started to develop a new series of quasi-spherical crystal hybrid photon detectors starting at 8 in. and progressing toward the maximum that can be fitting in a standard 17 in. optical pressure sphere for a future large deep-sea neutrino telescope. The thrust of this R&D will be to investigate the industrialisation of these sensors to the point where they represent a significant cost reduction per cubic kilometre of instrumented volume compared to conventional large hemispherical photomultiplier tubes, thereby allowing for extremely large telescope target volumes. Such gains will arise through an all-glass envelope, internal processing of a standard or enhanced bialkali photocathode, and either from cost reductions in the central scintillating crystal or the use of a deposited phosphor viewed by a small photomultiplier tube. Details of the development program and recent progress in the characterisation of prototypes are presented.