Abstract
Current vector control programs are largely dependent on pyrethroids, which are the most commonly used and only insecticides recommended by the World Health Organization for insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). However, the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance worldwide compromises the effectiveness of control programs and threatens public health. Since few new insecticide classes for vector control are anticipated, limiting the development of resistance is crucial for prolonging efficacy of pyrethroids. In this study, we exposed a field-collected population of Culex pipiens pallens to different insecticide selection intensities to dynamically monitor the development of resistance. Moreover, we detected kdr mutations and three detoxification enzyme activities in order to explore the evolutionary mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. Our results revealed that the level of pyrethroid resistance was proportional to the insecticide selection pressure. The kdr and metabolic resistance both contributed to pyrethroid resistance in the Cx. pipiens pallens populations, but they had different roles under different selection pressures. We have provided important evidence for better understanding of the development and mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance which may guide future insecticide use and vector management in order to avoid or delay resistance.
Highlights
Culex mosquitoes are important vectors responsible for transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and several viral pathogens to millions of people worldwide, including St
Successful population control of mosquitoes is key to preventing transmission and epidemics of mosquito-borne diseases
Pyrethroid resistance in insects is mainly caused by target-site insensitivity and metabolic resistance
Summary
Culex mosquitoes are important vectors responsible for transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and several viral pathogens to millions of people worldwide, including St. Mosquito-borne diseases dramatically affect public health and pose a major burden in terms of economy and development worldwide. Insect control is the primary intervention available for some of the most devastating mosquito-borne diseases, those lacking vaccines such as malaria, dengue and LF [5]. Because of the relatively low mammalian toxicity and rapid knockdown effect on insects, pyrethroids are the most commonly used insecticides and constitute the only recommended class of insecticides for ITNs. insecticide exposure is a potent selective force, presenting a risk of generating resistance that would threaten the efficacy of control programs. Preventing or delaying the emergence and development of resistance to pyrethroids is very important for vector control efforts. Improving vector management involves a better understanding of resistance mechanisms
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