Abstract
The advent of autonomous navigation, positioning, and general robotics technologies has enabled the improvement of small to miniature-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, or ‘drones’) and their wide uses in engineering practice. Recent research endeavors further envision a systematic integration of aerial drones and traditional contact-based or ground-based sensors, leading to an aerial–ground wireless sensor network (AG-WSN), in which the UAV serves as both a gateway besides and a remote sensing platform. This paper serves two goals. First, we will review the recent development in architecture, design, and algorithms related to UAVs as a gateway and particularly illustrate its nature in realizing an opportunistic sensing network. Second, recognizing the opportunistic sensing need, we further aim to focus on achieving energy efficiency through developing an active radio frequency (RF)-based wake-up mechanism for aerial–ground data transmission. To prove the effectiveness of energy efficiency, several sensor wake-up solutions are physically implemented and evaluated. The results show that the RF-based wake-up mechanism can potentially save more than 98.4% of the energy that the traditional duty-cycle method would otherwise consume, and 96.8% if an infrared-receiver method is used.
Highlights
With advances in autonomous navigation, positioning, and in general robotics technologies, small to miniature-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, or colloquially called drones) are witnessing their ever-increasing use in engineering practice
Combining the collaborative aerial and ground sensing and the opportunistic operation modes, we state that the proposed aerial–ground wireless sensor network (AG-wireless sensing network (WSN)) can potentially provide the most high-fidelity and most flexible sensing solutions to many monitoring problems arising from the need to assess geospatially large and complex built/agriculture environments
In this paper we reviewed the concept of using an aerial-ground wireless sensing network (AG-WSN) in a remote and geospatially large, complex space
Summary
With advances in autonomous navigation, positioning, and in general robotics technologies, small to miniature-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, or colloquially called drones) are witnessing their ever-increasing use in engineering practice. Scenario is performing data sensing at different granular (spatial andstructures temporal)and scales [5] Another application scenario is structural health monitoring (SHM). To rapidly improved in recent decades, many researchers have proposed and agriculture implemented different achieve data fusions more intelligent and tactical operations in these sensing modalities, ground-based wirelessand sensor solutions for facilitating precision agriculture [13,14,15,16,17]. As UAV technology penetrated such as local cracking and corrosion, visual or remote sensing-based inspection is thehas most efficient into manytoindustrial sectors, small have enabled sensing that isindustrial low-cost, sectors, highly approach date.
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