Abstract
A nationwide sample (N=2201, aged 15-89) of the Czech Republic was administered Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) along with demographic, social, and attitudinal questions to reveal developmental shifts in the Future, Present Hedonistic, Present Fatalistic, Positive-Past and Negative-Past dimensions. It turned out that age is not the only significant developmental factor (bivariate analyses were scrutinized by multiple linear regression which yielded additional predictors for individual ZTPI dimensions, such as education, employment, marital status, health, political leaning, or religiousness). Latent class analysis (LCA) was then used to identify meaningful time perspective patterns which corresponded to distinctly different developmental tasks and coping strategies: Hedonic pattern was typical for the young (16%), Empowered pattern usual for mid-age adulthood, it was non-fatalistic and non-hedonistic but with a high future commitment (25%), and two patterns typical for aging—prevalently positive Moderate pattern (39%) and Past-Oriented Fatalism (20%). Predictors for LCA classes and ZTPI dimensions provide leads for fostering healthy time perspective.
Highlights
Psychological time perspective (TP) is a complex temporal apperception
After initial confirmation of the dimensionality of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) inventory and, verification of suitability of this method for complex assessments, we focused on the following aims: a) to ascertain the role of age across the TP dimensions; b) to identify prevalent TP patterns using latent class analysis – Latent class analysis (LCA) across the life-span; c) to determine which other available variables beyond age may be involved in developmental differences of TP dimensions and patterns
The results generally corresponded to the five-factor ZTPI theory
Summary
Psychological time perspective (TP) is a complex temporal apperception. It involves various concurrent psychological processes – cognitive, emotional, conative, and social (Lennings, 2000; Boniwell & Zimbardo 2004); at the same time, it is multidimensional, consisting of the ‘trinity’ of past, present, and future dimensions. Is not just a psychological emotional experience (anchoring one to a various degree to present, past or future) and temporal cognitive span linked to conative ability. During the recent fruitful decades of research in psychological time, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and its Studia Psychologica, Vol 62, No.3, 2020, 259-276 modifications proved to be the most practical assessment instruments. ZTPI has been successfully used in various languages and cultures (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999; Lukavska et al, 2011; Sircova et al, 2007, 2014; Stolarski, Fieulaine, & van Beek 2015).
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