Development of Polymeric Nanocomposite (Xyloglucan-co-Methacrylic Acid/Hydroxyapatite/SiO2) Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications—In-Vitro Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity and Cell Culture Evaluation

T Joseph Sahaya Anand,Mohd Yazid Yahya,Muhammad Hanif Ramlee,Athar Aziz,Rashid Amin,Abdul Halim Mohd Yusof,Saiful Izwan Abd Razak,Rozita Hassan,Hassan Mehboob,Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan

doi:10.3390/polym12061238

Abstract

Advancement and innovation in bone regeneration, specifically polymeric composite scaffolds, are of high significance for the treatment of bone defects. Xyloglucan (XG) is a polysaccharide biopolymer having a wide variety of regenerative tissue therapeutic applications due to its biocompatibility, in-vitro degradation and cytocompatibility. Current research is focused on the fabrication of polymeric bioactive scaffolds by freeze drying method for nanocomposite materials. The nanocomposite materials have been synthesized from free radical polymerization using n-SiO2 and n-HAp XG and Methacrylic acid (MAAc). Functional group analysis, crystallinity and surface morphology were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. These bioactive polymeric scaffolds presented interconnected and well-organized porous morphology, controlled precisely by substantial ratios of n-SiO2. The swelling analysis was also performed in different media at varying temperatures (27, 37 and 47 °C) and the mechanical behavior of the dried scaffolds is also investigated. Antibacterial activities of these scaffolds were conducted against pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Besides, the biological behavior of these scaffolds was evaluated by the Neutral Red dye assay against the MC3T3-E1 cell line. The scaffolds showed interesting properties for bone tissue engineering, including porosity with substantial mechanical strength, biodegradability, biocompatibility and cytocompatibility behavior. The reported polymeric bioactive scaffolds can be aspirant biomaterials for bone tissue engineering to regenerate defecated bone.

Highlights

Bone tissue damage caused by trauma, injury or disease needs progressive approaches for tissue repair and development
XG was purchased from DSP Gokyo Food and Chemical Co
N,N’-methylene-bis-acrylamide (N, N-MBA) as a crosslinker, n-HAp (

Summary

Introduction

Bone tissue damage caused by trauma, injury or disease needs progressive approaches for tissue repair and development. Bone tissue engineering is an innovative technique for the treatment of defected and broken bones using composite scaffolds. Scientists have contributed a great deal of effort for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to resolve bone augmentation complications [1,2]. The bioactive composite scaffolds are implanted to treat defected or fractured bone sites and integrated into the osteochondral system [3,4]. The limitations of auto-grafts because of donor availability issues compelled scientists to develop biocompatible composite materials for bone tissue engineering. We are reporting here polymeric scaffolds, synthesized for the bone tissue applications, because of their anticipated porous, physicochemical, degradability and biomechanical properties with tunable characteristics [5,6]. Tissue-engineering approaches involve porous composite scaffolds for living cells. Because of its physical and chemical, it proved to be a potential candidate for wound dressing and tissue engineering because of non-allergic or non-inflammatory response [7,8]

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