Abstract
Conserving resources, harmonizing living standards, and employing energy efficient methods are potential solutions to climate change, which can be positively accomplished through development and planning. However, today, as the first world countries advance towards “positive development”, some third world countries are developing in an “unwanted pattern”. The metropolitan cities of developing countries attract most of the country’s population, consequently becoming the worst sufferers of the situation. They grow faster than their capacity allows, and then due to the lack of strategy, poor governance, and weak policies; face overwhelming pressure on land and natural resources. Documenting this situation using the case of a metropolitan city in India, the present paper aims to identify the problems faced by a metropolitan city in a developing country. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region’s Regional Plan 1996–2011 was analyzed to determine the response to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Furthermore, a new diagnostic tool, namely the “Climate Change Planning Index”, which can deliver valuable information at a glance, was developed. The paper concludes with a summary of the climate change crisis and the necessity of development in a developing metropolitan city.
Highlights
Climate change planning, known as Planning for Climate Change has emerged as a new mandate after the witnessing and predicting the consequences of climate change in the Earth’s atmosphere (Davoudi et al 2009, 2012; Füssel 2007; Measham et al 2011; UN Habitat 2014)
Sahu and Saizen City Territ Archit (2018) 5:5 levels, currently approximating to the 1990 level (The World Bank 2010); (Greater London Authority 2011); New York is seeing a significant drop in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions (York 2017); London, Ontario (City of London 2017) has achieved a reduction as low as 8% below the 1990 level while, Hoornweg et al (2011) demonstrated graphically how Sweden and Germany have lowered down their per capita GHG emissions with policy changes
These indices indicate the level of consideration of climate change mitigation or adaptation in each component in the regional plans, termed the Climate Change Score
Summary
Known as Planning for Climate Change has emerged as a new mandate after the witnessing and predicting the consequences of climate change in the Earth’s atmosphere (Davoudi et al 2009, 2012; Füssel 2007; Measham et al 2011; UN Habitat 2014). Cities in less developed countries face multiple challenges (UN-Habitat 2014; World Bank 2010) and lie far behind in the March. United Nations (2016) alleges that world’s most populated urban cities are located in less developed countries, mostly in the global south and India is projected to add 404 million urban dwellers by 2050 to the world urban population (United Nations 2015a, b). World Bank (2010) alleges that metropolitan cities, especially the coastal cities of the world, will be the most affected by climate change. This calls for a need to apply climate change protocols to the planning aspects of metropolitan cities of India at an urgent basis
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