Development of Photosensitive Hydrogel-based 3-dimensional Bioprinting Using Locally Extracted Pectin From Durian Rind Waste and Cellulose for Pharmaceutical Application

Abstract

Introduction: Hydrogels have gained prominence in a variety of fourth industrial revolution applications, including three-dimensional (3D) printing. However, there are limitations to 3D manufacturing, such as deformities in the final product. This is a significant obstacle to adopting this technology in the pharmaceutical industry, as printed products may have insufficient mechanical properties and a high brittleness, making further processing of these dosage forms problematic. The objective of this study is to produce a new 3D bioink from a mixture of locally produced pectin-based material from durian rind waste and cellulose-based material (pectin/cellulose hydrogel) and to partially characterize the bioink hydrogel. Methods: Four formulations of pectin/cellulose-based hydrogel (3:1, 3:2, 4:1, and 5:3 ratio of pectin/cellulose) from durian rind waste and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) powder, as well as cross-linking agents, were developed and evaluated using a rheometer to evaluate viscoelastic properties, FTIR Spectroscopy to identify compounds, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to evaluate thermal stability. Results: All bioink formulations exhibit outstanding shear-thinning behavior suitable for 3D printing. The viscosity of edible ink increases as the pectin/cellulose concentration increases. The formulation of 3:1 pectin/cellulose has greater heat resistance than others (highest thermal stability with 21.69% of residual weight) and the lowest percentage of weight loss (76.18%). Conclusion: The study of a pectin/cellulose hydrogel mixture provides an attractive outcome for the creation of bioink due to the effective synthesis of 3D printing shapes that are both smooth and uniform.