Abstract
Perylene has had a tremendous impact in the history of material research for the molecular semiconductors. Among numerous derivatives of this polyaromatic hydrocarbon, perylene diimide (PDI) represents a promising class of organic materials envisioned as non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) for the practical organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications due to their enhanced photo- and thermal stability and remarkably high electron affinity, some of which realize band-like transport properties. The present review guides some of the representative achievements in the development of rationally designed PDI systems, highlighting synthetic methodologies based on bay-functionalization strategies for creating well-designed molecular nanostructures and structure-performance relationship of perylene-based small molecular acceptors (SMAs) for the photovoltaic outcomes.
Highlights
Because of the superior versatility of organic materials and good processability versatility of organic materials and good processability combined with low-cost operation, the solution combined with low-cost operation, theas solution processing method been accepted as devices the standard processing method has been accepted the standard technique forhas contemporary technique for contemporary organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices [18]
Upon using 1% CN, the bulk heterojunction heterojunction (BHJ) blends showed a smooth morphology, which was reflected by the improved power conversion (PCE) reaching 4.1%, the highest recorded value for the monomeric class of the perylene-based non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), together with the optimal device parameters; Voc of could be engineered by using the processing solvent additive CN to improve the roughness of the film surface
Jian, Wang, and coworkers have synthesized a unique class of the integrated perylene diimide (PDI) systems 3.3A and 3.3C, which consist of the two PDI units connected together to the same carbon atom to adopt an orthogonally twisted arrangement in a spirocyclic form (Scheme 13) [120]
Summary
A primitive type of polyaromatic hydrocarbon comprising five benzene rings, has had a tremendous impact on the history of material research for the molecular semiconductors, since the discovery of electrical conductivity of perylene-bromine charge-transfer (CT) complex by Akamatsu, Inokuchi, and Matsunaga in 1954 [1]. Because of the electron-rich nature, the native perylene acts as an electron donor, playing a p-type semiconductor material in contact with electron-deficient molecules such as bromine. At this consideration, one may expand the potential molecular diversity around the perylene scaffold to find an electron-accepting counterpart by introducing electron-withdrawing elements into the aromatic nucleus [2]. One may expand the potential molecular diversity around the perylene scaffold to find an electron-accepting counterpart by introducing electron-withdrawing elements into the aromatic nucleus [2] Representative examples of such molecules include 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid (PTCA).
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