Abstract
Due to excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, the application of titanium alloys in orthopedic and dental implants has been increasing since the 1970s. However, the elasticity of these alloys as measured by their Young’s modulus is still about two to four times higher than that of human cortical bone. The most widely used titanium alloy for biomedical applications is Ti-6Al-4V, however, previous studies have shown that the vanadium used in this alloy causes allergic reactions in human tissue and aluminum, also used in the alloy, has been associated with neurological disorders. To solve this problem, new titanium alloys without the presence of these elements and with the addition of different elements, usually beta-stabilizers, are being developed. Manganese is a strong candidate as an alloying element for the development of new beta-type titanium alloys, due to its abundance and low cytotoxicity. In this study, Ti-10Mo-5Mn, Ti-15Mo-2.5Mn and Ti-15Mo-5Mn alloys were prepared in an arc furnace, which resulted in an alloy structure clearly showing the predominance of the beta phase with a body-centered cubic crystalline structure. The observed microstructure confirmed the results on the structural characterization of alloys. Measurement of the indirect cytotoxicity of the alloys showed that the extracts of the studied alloys are not cytotoxic for fibroblastic cells.
Highlights
Due to excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, the application of titanium alloys in orthopedic and dental implants has been increasing since the 1970s
Titanium alloys are frequently used for biomedical purposes such as dental and orthopedic implants and other devices such as plates and screws because they have a favorable set of properties including good biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion and wear, excellent mechanical properties, and good osseointegration[1,2]
The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra of the elements show peaks only for the alloy elements, and not for other metallic elements, that is they do not show metallic contamination, corroborating the chemical composition result obtained by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)
Summary
Due to excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, the application of titanium alloys in orthopedic and dental implants has been increasing since the 1970s. The most widely used titanium alloy for biomedical applications is Ti-6Al-4V, previous studies have shown that the vanadium used in this alloy causes allergic reactions in human tissue and aluminum, used in the alloy, has been associated with neurological disorders To solve this problem, new titanium alloys without the presence of these elements and with the addition of different elements, usually beta-stabilizers, are being developed. Recent studies have focused on β-type alloys because they have a low modulus of elasticity, which allows them to avoid the stress-shielding effect The manufacture of these alloys uses β-stabilizers and non-cytotoxic elements such as molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, zirconium, and manganese[10,11,12]. Hong and collaborators studies with metastable β-type Ti–Cr-(Mn) cast alloys show that with 13.04 wt.%
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