Development of nanoscale bioactive delivery systems using sonication: Glycyrrhizic acid-loaded cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks

Abstract

The rapid synthesis of nanoscale cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) was successfully achieved using a simple, environmentally friendly process, which involved seed-mediated crystallization combined with sonication. Short-chain starch nanoparticles isolated from debranched starch were used as seeds to promote the assembly of CD molecules on their surfaces. This process led to the formation of small uniform crystals by increasing orderliness and reducing aggregation. The influence of sonication time on the morphology and dimensions of CD-MOF crystals was investigated. CD-MOFs with a range of mean particle diameters (234–894 nm) could be produced by adjusting the sonication time. Compared to conventional methods, sonication offered a simple and effective means to obtain a high yield and thermal stability of the CD-MOF crystals. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a natural triterpene glycoside, is recognized for its potentially beneficial biological activities, such as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, it’s extremely low water-solubility and loading efficiency currently restrict its application. Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) analysis provided information about the interactions between GA and CD-MOFs. Analysis of their encapsulation properties showed the potential of the CD-MOF crystals as effective nanocarriers for hydrophobic bioactive agents, such as drugs, vitamins, or nutraceuticals.