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Abstract
AbstractNineteen host plant volatiles (HPVs) were screened for attractivity to adult codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) as a fourth component of core blends (3K) including (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate, (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene and acetic acid. Each new quaternary combination was compared with a previously reported attractive bisexual lure (4K), consisting of the 3K blend plus 6‐ethenyl‐2,2,6‐trimethyloxan‐3‐ol (pyranoid linalool oxide, pyrLOX). All lure evaluations were conducted in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen). Several compounds were found to significantly lower total and/or female catches when added to the 3K blend, including (Z)‐3‐hexenol, (E)‐2‐hexanal and hexyl butanoate (female and total moths), and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate and linalool (female moths). Other compounds when added to the 3K blend did not increase or decrease moth catches, including methyl salicylate, (E)‐β‐ocimene, limonene, β‐caryophyllene, butyl hexanoate, farnesol, terpineol, terpinen‐4‐ol and α‐pinene. A few added compounds significantly increased moth catches compared with the 3K blend, including β‐pinene (male moths), (Z)‐jasmone (male and total moths), (E)‐β‐farnesene and β‐myrcene (female and total moths), and (E,E)‐α‐farnesene (male, female, and total moths). In addition, each of these five compounds when added to the 3K core blend performed similarly to the 4K lure (male, females, and total moths). Further studies should expand these results through tests of these and other new blends with a range of component ratios and total loading amounts. Field trials should also be replicated within all host crops of codling moth and across major geographical production regions.
Highlights
Management of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), a key insect pest of apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen), pear, Pyrus spp., and walnut, Juglans regia (L.), relies on the intelligent integration of several tactics whose deployment is typically cued from accurate monitoring (Knight et al, 2019a)
TA B L E 2 Summary of mean (+SEM) of adult Cydia pomonella caught in orange delta traps baited with a ternary combination (3K) of pear ester, (E)-4,8- dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene and acetic acid, a quaternary blend with pyranoid linalool oxide (4K) and other quaternary blends with the addition of a fourth volatile, N = 8–10 lure replicates, trials conducted on 1–3 dates
Because PE is only found in pear and not apple and walnut (Casado et al, 2006, 2008; Giacomuzzi et al, 2016), and only late in the season from mature fruits (Light et al, 2001), it was hypothesized that other host plant volatiles (HPVs) or blends, which are released across the three primary hosts of codling moth, should be attractive to codling moth (Witzgall et al, 2008)
Summary
Management of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), a key insect pest of apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen), pear, Pyrus spp., and walnut, Juglans regia (L.), relies on the intelligent integration of several tactics whose deployment is typically cued from accurate monitoring (Knight et al, 2019a). A four-component kairomone blend (4K) comprised of PE, DMNT, AA and 6-ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethylo xan-3-ol (pyranoid linalool oxide, pyrLOX) significantly increased the performance of previous lures 3-to 4-fold in orchards treated with or without sex pheromones for mating disruption (MD) (Knight et al, 2019b and 2019c). These results suggested that a mass trapping strategy exploiting ‘female removal’ could be improved (Jaffe et al, 2018; Jaffe & Landolt, 2018, 2019; Knight et al, 2019c). Nineteen HPVs reported from apple, pear and walnut were evaluated in combination with the 3K ternary blend and compared with the 4K blend in a series of studies conducted in apple during 2019
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