Abstract
The concept of integrated pest management has been accepted by forest pest managers for many years, but its implementation has been hindered by the lack of monitoring systems and decisionmaking tools. Within the last seven years, monitoring systems have been developed which show promise as early-warning systems and for making control decisions. Computer-aided decision-support tools such as models, database management systems, geographic information systems, and expert systems also show promise, but research in the areas of user interfaces and the incorporation of system intelligence is needed. This paper reviews the advances made with monitoring systems and decision-support tools with reference to the major defoliators of North American forests. Research accomplished by the Douglas-fir tussock moth, spruce budworm, and gypsy moth programs is reviewed.
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