Abstract
Glochidion wallichianum (GW) is a good source of antioxidants, including gallic acid, promoting its development as a microemulsion. We constructed five pseudo-ternary phase diagrams comprising isopropyl myristate (IPM), water, and surfactant mixture (Smix)—i.e., Labrasol®:HCO-40® (1:1) with Transcutol® (1:1, 2:1, 3:1), and Tween80:Span80 (3:2) with Transcutol® or propylene glycol:ethanol (1:1). Additionally, blank and GW extract-loaded microemulsions were prepared at an IPM:Water:Smix ratio of 10:30:60 (high water content) and 30:10:60 (high oil content) from each Smix. The physical characteristics, skin permeation, and disposition were evaluated. The formulations with high water content and conductivities provided higher gallic acid permeation and disposition than those with high oil content. The Smix of Labrasol®:HCO-40® (1:1) and Transcutol® (1:1) promoted the highest gallic acid permeation (enhancement ratio 1.78 ± 0.12) and was suitable for transdermal delivery. However, the 1% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose control gel, the microemulsion with Smix of Labrasol®:HCO-40® (1:1) with Transcutol® (2:1), and Smix of Tween80:Span80 (3:2) with propylene glycol:ethanol (1:1) could provide higher skin accumulation of gallic acid than that with other formulations. The microstructures, ratio of surfactant:cosurfactant, and compositions of microemulsions were found to affect the skin permeation and disposition of gallic acid and require optimization to act as transdermal or topical delivery carriers.
Highlights
As the Glochidion wallichianum Mull. Arg. (GW) extract comprised a high amount of 7gallic acid, our study focused on gallic acid as a marker to observe the skin penetration efficiency of various microemulsion
The results of this study indicated that 30% Transcutol® (ME_W1) could provide the highest skin permeation of gallic acid
The GW extract obtained in this study exhibited high antioxidant activity and was a good source of antioxidant compounds, such as gallic acid
Summary
(GW), or synonym Glochidion perakense (Euphorbiaceae), or Mun. Pu (Thai name), is an edible plant found throughout Southern Thailand. Its young leaves are freshly consumed with the main food, similar to other indigenous vegetables in Southern Thailand, to improve health benefits. These edible indigenous vegetables are good sources of antioxidant compounds that help to prevent various chronic diseases, such as cancer, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases [1]. The 80% methanolic extract provided high antioxidant activity, as determined by the ferrylmyoglobin/2,20 azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and high content of phenolic compounds. Panpipat et al [3] found that 50% acetone and 80% methanolic extracts of GW showed high phenolic content, which could promote 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
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