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Abstract
In this work, we developed an extraction technique that can handle simple as well as complex matrixed liquid (aqueous) samples. In the standard liquid–liquid extraction, it is quite challenging to deal with complex liquid samples as they may complicate the process of phase separation and may lead to the formation of multiple layers. To resolve this issue, we have proposed a simple but unique idea that suggests the packing of the liquid samples inside a porous membrane bag. The edges of the membrane bag can be sealed using an electrical heat-sealer. The porous membrane bag filled with the liquid sample was immersed in an extraction solvent, and the extraction process was assisted by mechanical shaking. In order to demonstrate the proof of concept, a method was developed for the extraction of metals from seawater samples. The pH-adjusted sample, along with the complexing reagent, was packed inside the porous membrane bag, and the chelated complex was then extracted by immersing and shaking the bag inside the organic solvent. The solvent was then evaporated, and the chelated complex was dissolved/digested in acid with the aid of the heat. The final extract was subjected to Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis. The proposed method was used for extraction of eight metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) from seawater samples and good extraction recoveries (75–94%) were obtained.
Highlights
Despite the considerable furtherance in analytical instrumentation, sample preparation is an indispensable step in analytical method development
In order to provide the proof of concept for membrane-based inverted liquid–liquid extraction (MILLE), 2 mL of sample volume was packed inside the porous membrane bag
Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) is good choice for complex samples because the extraction solvent is protected inside the hollow fiber
Summary
Despite the considerable furtherance in analytical instrumentation, sample preparation is an indispensable step in analytical method development. The practical challenges to deal with complex samples, as well as dealing with the reduced volumes of extraction phases, limit the applications of these techniques in routine analysis Another way to resolve the problem of the complex matrix and improper phase separation is encapsulating the liquid samples within a bag that allows the transport of the analytes but hinders the movement of complex matrix components. The solvent-based extraction of analytes from the porous membrane packed solid samples was demonstrated for the extraction of different classes of analytes from the soil [19], tobacco [20], vegetable [21], and tea samples [22] This approach simultaneously performs cleanup and extraction in a single step. Another extraction technique was developed for small-volume liquid samples supported on a solid These samples were packed into a porous membrane bag before ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction [23]. High sensitivity in organic analysis can be achieved by reducing the volumes of the extraction solvents to desired levels, which in turn increases the enrichment of analytes
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