Abstract
This study proposes the development of a wireless sensor system integrated with smart ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) for sensing and transmitting changes in stress and damage occurrence in real-time. The smart UHPC, which has the self-sensing ability, comprises steel fibers, fine steel slag aggregates (FSSAs), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as functional fillers. The proposed wireless sensing system used a low-cost microcontroller unit (MCU) and two-probe resistance sensing circuit to capture change in electrical resistance of self-sensing UHPC due to external stress. For wireless transmission, the developed wireless sensing system used Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacon for low-power and multi-channel data transmission. For experimental validation of the proposed smart UHPC, two types of specimens for tensile and compression tests were fabricated. In the laboratory test, using a universal testing machine, the change in electrical resistivity was measured and compared with a reference DC resistance meter. The proposed wireless sensing system showed decreased electrical resistance under compressive and tensile load. The fractional change in resistivity (FCR) was monitored at 39.2% under the maximum compressive stress and 12.35% per crack under the maximum compressive stress tension. The electrical resistance changes in both compression and tension showed similar behavior, measured by a DC meter and validated the developed integration of wireless sensing system and smart UHPC.
Highlights
The use of smart construction materials (SCMs) with self-stress and damage sensing abilities in buildings and civil infrastructure for structural health monitoring is promising.SCMs are expected to overcome many limitations, including low durability, high cost, and localized sensing ability of current monitoring systems utilizing commercially attached or embedded sensors with wired connections to data acquisition systems [1]
This study aimed to develop a low-cost Wireless sensing systems (WSSs) composed of a simplified resistance sensing circuit for electrical resistance measurement of S-ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), a power management circuit for long-term operation, and Bluetooth low energy (BLE) for real-time data transmission
This paper proposes a BLE-SUHPC protocol that effectively broadcasts packets comprising information related to the process at the WSS
Summary
The use of smart construction materials (SCMs) with self-stress and damage sensing abilities in buildings and civil infrastructure for structural health monitoring is promising. The experimental results reported in previous studies were mainly obtained from single-channel measurements This limits the practical application of SCMs to buildings and infrastructure for structural-health monitoring systems that require multiple sensing positions. In order to address the practical issue of sensing in the SCMs, wireless sensing could be a solution attributed to its inexpensive sensing system and simplicity in instrumentation for distributed sensing for electrical resistance measurement of SCMs. Wireless sensing systems (WSSs) have been applied to the field of structural health monitoring [8,9,10,11] and proven their excellence in sensing and embedded data processing compared to traditional wire-based counterparts [12,13,14]. This study aimed to develop a low-cost WSS composed of a simplified resistance sensing circuit for electrical resistance measurement of S-UHPC, a power management circuit for long-term operation, and Bluetooth low energy (BLE) for real-time data transmission. A BLESystem packetforfor data transmission is proposed to allow real-t
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