Development of iron oxide nanoparticles using egg peel (brown) extract as a useful tool for removing the MB dye

Abstract

The development of iron oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPs) (Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3) synthesized from ferric chloride (FeCl3) with egg peel extract by the hydrothermal method at different temperatures for the removal of methylene blue dye (MB) (Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3) NPs were diagnosed using (XRD) analysis, (FE-SEM) analysis, (TEM) images, (VSM) instrument, (UV–Vis) spectra, and (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD measurements explained a crystallinity size of about 15 nm and a face center cubic structure (FCC) for Fe3O4 synthesized from egg peel (brown) extract at 200 °C, while for γ-Fe2O3 NPs prepared using egg peel (brown) extract at 400 °C, the crystal peak structure referred to a cubic structure (maghemite). The average grain size of Fe3O4 NPs was 18.61 to 27.91 nm; however, it was 31.25 to 125.5 nm for γ-Fe2O3 NPs, according to FESEM. Average grain size and the morphology of Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3 NPs were (14.7 nm to 26.1 nm) and the spherical structure was determined by the TEM images. The saturation magnetization (Ms) values were 8.12 emu/g and 9.39 emu/g, respectively, for Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3 NPs measured with the VSM device. The UV–visible data indicated a blue shift to the band energy gap of 4.1 eV for Fe3O4 NPs but 2.5 eV for γ-Fe2O3 NPs. The absorption band for Fe3O4 NPs is robust at 681 cm−1 at 200 °C, whereas it gets weaker at 650 cm−1 for γ-Fe2O3 NPs at 400 °C, according to FTIR. A photocatalytic activity value explained (Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3) NPs affected the MB dye's removal. A results referred to the synthesized Fe3O4 (magnétite) synthesized at 200 °C showed a higher removal efficiency (95 %) at 40 min than the γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) at 400 °C, for which, after 65 min, the removal efficacy was 90 %.