Abstract
The article highlights first the historical background: two long-term trends have most strongly influenced the development of the non-profit sector throughout its millennial history. Ап analysis of the French civil society nowadays is made on the basis of the System of national accounts concept using the most recent statistics on this sector ignored by the statistical system two decades ago. The number, size and human resources of civil society organizations (CSOs) are analysed first, then their financial resources by public and private origin and their economic contribution and social impact . The final part of the research deals with recent1 trends and issues. The evolution of the French non-profit sector during the Millennium decade is outlined. Then focuses on the impact of the financial, economic and social crisis on the French third sector is highlighted. The sharing of educational, health and social services provision between the state, the local governments and the civil society obviously depends on functions that have been devolved to local governments as well as on the level of externalization or subcontracting which authorities consider to be relevant. Recourse to the non-profit sector makes it possible to reduce public employment, which is very high in France. Grass-roots associations provide local services adapted to the local population through voluntary work. That is the reason why the central and local governments and social security affords an almost total financing to the welfare CSOs and a partial financing to the others while the public sector regulates the CSOs and guarantees universal access to the services provided as well as the equal treatment of all users. The whole civil society sector associations and foundations is currently looking for its place in the public sphere, either in close partnership with public authorities or within the social and solidarity economy with the cooperatives and the mutual societies. Civil society organizations have demonstrated their ability to respond to the new needs of a more diverse population, and they have proved their resilience during less favourable times.
Highlights
The Historical BackgroundThe French Monarchy unified the nation by joining regions through wars and marriages to the early emerging centre
8 50% of donations to civil society organizations (CSOs) in 1996, 60% in 2003 and 66% in 2006 were deducible from tax, with a cap that increased from 1.25% in 1996 to 20% of taxable income in 2003
The sharing of educational, health and social services provision between the state, the local governments and the civil society obviously depends on functions that have been devolved to local governments as well as on the level of externalization or subcontracting which authorities consider to be relevant
Summary
The French Monarchy unified the nation by joining regions through wars and marriages to the early emerging centre. This is why France was, and still is, despite two Decentralization Acts (of 1983 and of 2003), a centralized state, while most European countries are decentralized, where most of the decisions on education, social and cultural fields are the local governments responsibility. Second part analyses the current state of the French civil society using the most recent statistics on this sector that was ignored by the statistical system two decades ago. First the author addresses the number, size and human resources of civil society organizations (CSOs), - their financial resources by public and private origin and their economic contribution and social impact. The impact of the financial, economic and social crisis on the French third sector is highlighted
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