Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most successful techniques for the preparation of well-defined polymers with controllable molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, specific macromolecular architectures, and precisely designed functionalities. ATRP usually involves transition-metal complex as catalyst. As the most commonly used copper complex catalyst is usually biologically toxic and environmentally unsafe, considerable interest has been focused on iron complex, enzyme, and metal-free catalysts owing to their low toxicity, inexpensive cost, commercial availability and environmental friendliness. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of iron catalyst used in normal, reverse, AGET, ICAR, GAMA, and SARA ATRP, enzyme as well as metal-free catalyst mediated ATRP in the point of view of catalytic activity, initiation efficiency, and polymerization controllability. The principle of ATRP and the development of iron ligand are briefly discussed. The recent development of enzyme-mediated ATRP, the latest research progress on metal-free ATRP, and the application of metal-free ATRP in interdisciplinary areas are highlighted in sections. The prospects and challenges of these three ATRP techniques are also described in the review.
Highlights
Since it was discovered independently by Matyjaszewski and by Sawamoto in 1995 [1,2], atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has become one of the most powerful tools for the preparation of well-defined polymers with controlled molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and designable molecular architectures
A large variety of phosphorous, are practically dependent on the ligands. onAthe large variety of phosphorous, nitrogen,nitrogen, and oxygen and oxygen compounds have been used as iron ligands in ATRP, and these ligands are primarily compounds have been used as iron ligands in ATRP, and these ligands are primarily classified as classified as nitrogen-based ligand, phosphorous ligand, organic acid-based ligand, and onium nitrogen-based ligand, phosphorous ligand, organic acid-based ligand, and onium salt-based ligand
This review summarized the applications of iron catalyst in normal ATRP, reverse ATRP, ICAR ATRP, Activators Generated by Electron Transfer (AGET) ATRP, Generation of Activators by Monomer Addition (GAMA) ATRP, and Supplemental Activator and Reducing Agent (SARA) ATRP in view of the catalytic activity, initiation efficiency, and polymerization controllability
Summary
Since it was discovered independently by Matyjaszewski and by Sawamoto in 1995 [1,2], atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has become one of the most powerful tools for the preparation of well-defined polymers with controlled molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and designable molecular architectures. Metal-free ATRP structures and properties iron ligands,strategy the effects of ligands on synthesis the polymerization rate, and the has emerged as a green of and sustainable for precise polymer [29]. Hawker structures and properties of iron ligands, the types effectsof ofiron ligands on theand polymerization theAlaniz development of initiating for activator et al principle, reviewed and de presented a reviewsystems on metal-free. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these three types of metal catalyst, there are only a few reports on enzyme-mediated ATRP [28]. ATRP technology primarily focused on the catalytic activity, initiation on iron complex-catalyzed of a largeand variety of monomers, the recent developments efficiency, polymerizationATRP controllability, environmental friendliness. ATRP, and the application of metal-free catalyst mediated in interdisciplinary progress on iron complex-catalyzed ATRP of a large variety of monomers, the recent developments. The prospects and challenges of these three ATRP described in the review
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