Abstract
A real-time electric nose (E-nose) with a metal oxide sensor (MOS) array was developed to monitor 5 highly flammable liquids (ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, turpentine, lacquer thinner, and gasoline) in this work. We found that temperature had a significant impact on the test results and temperature control could efficiently improve the performance of our E-nose. The results of our qualitative analysis showed that principal component analysis (PCA) could not efficiently distinguish these samples compared to a back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) which had a 100% accuracy rate on the test samples. Quantitative analysis was performed by regression analysis and the average errors were 9.1%–18.4%. In addition, through anti-interference training, the E-nose could filter out the potential false alarm caused by mosquito repellent, perfume and hair jelly.
Highlights
With the acceleration of urbanization worldwide, public transportation systems such as buses are playing an increasingly important role in urban economic development [1]
The odor data maps (ODM) of ethanol, lacquer thinner and gasoline were shown in Figure S1, Figure S2 and Figure S3 (Supplemental Materials 1–3)
The back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) as a supervised recognition model continually approached the target by calculating the changes of the network weights and bias in the direction of the slope of the error function
Summary
With the acceleration of urbanization worldwide, public transportation systems such as buses are playing an increasingly important role in urban economic development [1]. Bus safety accidents caused by arson occurred in both developing and developed countries [3,4]. There are about 70 bus fires per year in Australia, and in Norway, Sweden, and Finland about 1% of all buses in service suffer from a fire or arson incident each year [4]. The most common substances used for bus arson are commercial flammable liquids such as gasoline, ethanol and, lacquer thinner, which are easy to purchase and ignite. According to 41 reports of bus fires in China, more than 58% of the casualties were caused by flammable liquid arson, which caused 91 deaths and 323 injuries [3]. Monitoring equipment for flammable liquids is extremely important to prevent bus arson
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