Abstract
In the present study, hybrid nanoflowers (HNFs) based on copper (II) or manganese (II) ions were prepared by a simple method and used as nanosupports for the development of effective nanobiocatalysts through the immobilization of lipase B from Pseudozyma antarctica. The hybrid nanobiocatalysts were characterized by various techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effect of the addition of carbon-based nanomaterials, namely graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, as well as magnetic nanoparticles such as maghemite, on the structure, catalytic activity, and operational stability of the hybrid nanobiocatalysts was also investigated. In all cases, the addition of nanomaterials during the preparation of HNFs increased the catalytic activity and the operational stability of the immobilized biocatalyst. Lipase-based magnetic nanoflowers were effectively applied for the synthesis of tyrosol esters in non-aqueous media, such as organic solvents, ionic liquids, and environmental friendly deep eutectic solvents. In such media, the immobilized lipase preserved almost 100% of its initial activity after eight successive catalytic cycles, indicating that these hybrid magnetic nanoflowers can be applied for the development of efficient nanobiocatalytic systems.
Highlights
Over the last decades, the immobilization of enzymes onto nanostructured supports has been extensively used and has facilitated their applications, owing to their easy handling and operational stability, as well as facile recovery and reusability of the biocatalysts, leading to more efficient bioprocesses [1,2]
Lipase B from Pseudozyma antarctica was purchased from Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark) and was utilized without further purification. 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB), 4-nitrophenol (p-NP), copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate, manganese (II) sulfate, tyrosol, and dimethyl sulfoxide were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich
We report the preparation and characterization of novel hybrid nanoflowers comprised of copper (II) or manganese (II) ions combined with magnetic nanoparticles and carbon-based
Summary
The immobilization of enzymes onto nanostructured supports has been extensively used and has facilitated their applications, owing to their easy handling and operational stability, as well as facile recovery and reusability of the biocatalysts, leading to more efficient bioprocesses [1,2]. The addition of carbon-based nanomaterials, namely graphene oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, in the preparation of nanoflowers is expected to provide high surface area and extraordinary mechanical properties, whereas the incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles, such as maghemite, allows the easy and quick separation of the nanoflowers by the application of an external magnetic force. The use of these novel HNFs as host platforms for the immobilization of lipase B from Pseudozyma antarctica, an enzyme with numerous biotechnological applications, was investigated. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 808 of phenolic antioxidants, such as tyrosol, in non-aqueous media, as well as in environmental-friendly ionic solvents, was investigated
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