Development of Eco-Friendly and Self-Cleaning Lime-Pozzolan Plasters for Bio-Construction and Cultural Heritage

Federica Fernandez,Maria Mangiapane,Kali Kapetanaki,Anna Maria Lagou,Konstantinos Gobakis,Maria Teresa Enna,Roberta Montagno,Silvia Germinario,Panagiota Dania,Dionysia Kolokotsa,Roberta Basile,Pagona-Noni Maravelaki

doi:10.3390/buildings10100172

Abstract

Nowadays, the design and use of multi-functional mortars has increased significantly, with interesting applications in the green building and cultural heritage conservation sectors. A key point for a correct adoption of these innovative materials is their behavior along time and their resistance to the weathering. The objective of this project was to define the performance and durability of innovative mortars, in order to use them correctly and to avoid irreparable damage over time. For the development of this project, lime–metakaolin and hydraulic lime–metakaolin based mortars (hereinafter called A, B), as well as A and B with the addition of nano-TiO2 and perlite (hereinafter referred to as A+, B+), have been tested. The focus of the work was to carry out preliminary tests to evaluate the performance and durability characteristics of these mortars, verifying their behavior over time through exposure to artificial aging cycles, including thermal shock cycles in saline solution aerosols, freeze cycles in vapor aerosol, and aging by heat treatment at high temperatures. Before and after each artificial aging cycle, weight measurements, and macroscopic and microscopic observations were performed in order to evaluate possible structural changes. The characteristics of the mortars were assessed by determination of the apparent volume mass, mechanical properties, such as compressive and bending strength, water absorption, whereas their self-cleaning capacity was measured by methylene blue degradation test under UV and solar irradiation. The results obtained show degradation effects in the mortar samples due to aging after each test, and indicated that mortars with perlite and nano-TiO2 are the best-performing ones, both from the durability and energetic point of view, rendering them suitable for applications in the green building sector and the conservation of cultural heritage.

Highlights

Green building refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building’s life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition [1].Sustainable buildings require the use of materials with advanced performances, meeting the need to minimize waste and reduce energy consumption
Incomplete understanding of the causes and degradation mechanisms of the exposed material have frequently led to the application on buildings of conservation products that have subsequently been proven harmful for protection and sustainability, fundamental requirements for applications on green building of cultural heritage
For the development of this research project, lime-based mortars with binder of pure hydrated lime (L; by CaO Hellas, Dalkafoukis, Thessaloniki, Greece) and hydrated lime with addition of natural hydraulic lime (NHL; NHL3.5z by Lafarge, Clamart, France), hereinafter called A, B, respectively, both enriched with a natural pozzolan (Poz; bio-pozzolana produced by Cimmino Calci based in Casoria, Italy) and an artificial one were synthesized

Summary

Introduction

Sustainable buildings require the use of materials with advanced performances, meeting the need to minimize waste and reduce energy consumption. Great attention is paid to the external surfaces of buildings for which new materials with performances, such as greater thermal insulation, good resistance to dirt, and depolluting functions, have emerged [2]. A key points of these new materials is their longer life, or durability along time, in order to minimize the need for renovations and, reduce the environmental impact of disposal [3]. One of the major durability problems of external plasters is related to the impact of atmospheric agents onto the surface of the building, with particular reference to the various forms of water that affect the porous structure of the materials. Incomplete understanding of the causes and degradation mechanisms of the exposed material have frequently led to the application on buildings of conservation products that have subsequently been proven harmful for protection and sustainability, fundamental requirements for applications on green building of cultural heritage

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