Abstract
An important consideration in the seismic analysis and design of long lifelines is the differential ground motion at their supports, which may induce significant stresses and strains in the structure. Presented herein are empirical, closed from expressions of differential ground motions. These expressions are approximations of the analytical results obtained by Zerva et al. 1 and depend on a few parameters that vary with separation distance. The empirical approximations, and the results of the analytical model are used as input motions in the evaluation of the dynamic response of a specific lifeline system. Axial and transverse (horizontal and vertical) motions are considered. The results of the analysis indicate that simplified expressions, such as the empirical approximations presented herein, may adequately describe the effect of differential ground motions on lifelines. Finally, the differential response spectrum, namely the variation of the maximum differential displacement in a pipeline with the natural frequency of the system, is introduced.
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