Abstract
One of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is to develop accurate and rapid diagnostic tests. There are a number of molecular, serological, and imaging methods that are used to diagnose this infection in hospitals and clinical settings. The purpose of this review paper is to present the available approaches for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and address the advantages and limitations of each detection method. This work includes studies from recent literature publications along with information from the manufacturer’s manuals of commercially available SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic products. Furthermore, supplementary information from the Food & Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and World Health Organization (WHO) is cited. The viral components targeted for virus detection, the principles of each diagnostic technique, and the detection efficiency of each approach are discussed. The potential of using diagnostic tests that were originally developed for previous epidemic viruses is also presented.
Highlights
An outbreak of a new pathogenic virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2), was identified in China in mid-December 2019 and spread globally [1]
Of the passengers with the virus, 81% were asymptomatic [14]. These statistics suggest that the actual number of people who have contracted the SARS-CoV-2 virus might be significantly higher than the number that has been reported
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which belongs to the beta-coronavirus group, is described as a large, enveloped virus with a genome made up of positive, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Summary
An outbreak of a new pathogenic virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Of the passengers with the virus, 81% were asymptomatic [14] These statistics suggest that the actual number of people who have contracted the SARS-CoV-2 virus might be significantly higher than the number that has been reported. The similarity of symptoms between COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses makes it difficult to recognize a SARS-CoV-2 infection. For symptoms to appear anytime between 3 and 14 days after infection [16] Due to these issues, the development of efficient, rapid, and reliable tests for mass testing of populations can improve early detection and significantly decrease further spread of the virus. Antigen-based testing methods can detect the presence of viral antigens in respiratory samples and diagnose an active infection. SARS-CoV or Antigen-Specific but does not differentiateAntigen-Specific between them, Nucleocapsid but
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