Development of COVID-19 Vaccines—An Unanticipated Moon Shot Achieved at Warp Speed

Abstract

Alfredo J. Mena Lora, MD; Jessica E. Long, PhD, MPH; Yunda Huang, PhD; Lindsey R. Baden, MD; Hana M. El Sahly, MD; Dean Follmann, PhD; Paul Goepfert, MD; Glenda Gray, MBBCh; Beatriz Grinsztejn, MD; Karen Kotloff, MD; Nadine Rouphael, MD; Magdelena Sobieszczyk, MD, MPH; Stephen R. Walsh, MD; Jessica Andriesen, PhD; Karan A. Shah, MSc; Yuanyuan Zhang, PhD; Peter Gilbert, PhD; Holly Janes, PhD; Cynthia L. Gay, MD, MPH; Ann R. Falsey, MD; Rebecca L. Tripp, MPH; Richard L. Gorman, MD; Tina Tong, DrPH(c), MS; Mary Marovich, MD, DTMH; Kathleen Neuzil, MD, MPH; Lawrence Corey, MD; James G. Kublin, MD, MPH; COVID-19 Prevention Network; Daniel Reirden; Lilly Immergluck; Colleen Kelley; Anna Durbin; Milagritos Tapia; Megan Deming; Karen Kotloff; Jorge Pinto; Paul Goepfert; Zaheer Hoosain; Johan Lombaard; Kathryn Stephenson; Lindsey Baden; Stephen Walsh; Ken Mayer; Pedro Cahn; Marcelo Losso; Isabel Cassetti; Steven Innes; Linda-Gail Bekker; Sheetal Kassim; Catherine Orrel; Graeme Meintjes; Amy Ward; Andreas Diacon; David Wohl; Cindy Gray; Chrinstine Turley; Temitope Oyedele; Babafemi O. Taiwo; Karen Krueger; Rick Novak; Beverly E. Sha; Laura Hammit; Carl Fichtenbaum; David Bernstein; Jeffrey Jacobson; Dima Dandachi; Hasan Naqvi; Susan Koletar; Nadine Rouphael; Sri Edupuganti; Thomas Campbell; Elizabeth Secord; Samantha Siva; Nitesha Jeenarain; Logashvari Naidoo; Nigel Garrett; Nivashnee Naicker; Vimla Naicker; Jayganthie Naidoo; Anamikah Premrajh; Emmanuel Walter; Jeff Henderson; Hugo Tempelman; Abraham Siika; Evan Anderson; Brenda Okech; Richard Rupp; Hana El Sahly; Catherine M. Healy; Robert Arduino; Patricia Winokur; Martin Casapia; Gailen Marshall; Bhagyashri D. Navalkele; Sharla Badel-Faeson; Ian Sanne; Lee Fairlie; Adeodata Kekitiinwa; Patricia Ntege; Peter J. Elyanu; Cissy K. Mutuluuza; Sandra Rwambuya; Philippa Musoke; Deo Wabwire; Barbara Pahud; Mario Castro; Fredrick Sawe; Samuel G. Ouma; Taraz Samandari; Grace Mboya; Craig Innes; Philip Kotze; Javier Lama; Jorge Sanchez; Jorge Gallardo; Pedro Gonzales; Robinson Cabello; Raphael Landovitz; Michael P. Dube; Tamela Gould-Porter; Steve Shoptaw; Jesse Clark; Sheena Kotze; Olivia Kasselman; Katherine Gill; Maphoshane Nchabeleng; Aditya Gaur; Carlos Cabrera; Susanne Doblecki-Lewis; Susan Kline; Scott McClelland; Mandaliya Kishorchandra; Pamela Mda; Thozama Dubula; Walter Jaoko; Spyros Kalams; David Haas; Vladimir Berthaud; Clarence Creech; Sue Ellen Abdalian; Jessica Justman; Delafontaine; Kristen Marks; Sharon Mannheimer; Hong Van Tieu; Magda Sobieszczyk; Mark Mulligan; Vanessa Raabe; Mary Olson; Juanita Erb; Shobha Swaminathan; Jose Pilotto; Christopher Hall; Diana Florescu; Edwin de Jesus; Ian Frank; Katie Barr; Deborah McMahon; Sharon Riddler; Judith M. Martin; Elizabeth Barranco; Breno Santos; Karen Tashima; Beatriz Grinsztejn; Esau J. Filho; Mike Keefer; Ann Falsey; William Brumskine; Stuart Cohen; Jason Okulicz; Barbara Taylor; Thomas Patterson; Ryan Maves; Susan Little; Susan Buchbinder; Annie Luetkemeyer; Carmen Zorrilla; Esper Kallas; Vivian A. Silva; Tamara Newman; Jose Valdez Madruga; Julie McElrath; Lisa Jackson; Anna Wald; Mookho Malahleha; Fatima Laher; Erica Lazarus; Anusha Nana; Daniel Hoft; Sharon Frey; Rachel Presti; Sharon Nachman; Benjamin Luft; Carina Rodriguez; Kathy Mngadi; Eric Daar; Shaun Barnabas; Mark Cotton; Stephen Spector; Karen Servilla; Kathleen A. Linder; Abeer Moana; Carol Kauffman; Mary Bessesen; Rohit Talwani; Louis Dell'Italia; Augusto Alonto; Daniel Liebman; Roger Bedimo; Christopher Woods; Peruvemba Sriram; Kalpana Padala; Gregory Holt; Edwin Swialto; Melanie Jay; Sabrina Felson; Nora Henderson; Sheldon Brown; Saumuel Aguayo; Mark Riddle ; Phyllis Tien; John Toney; Halima Dawood; Disebo Makhaza; Hugh Mighty; Siham Mahgoub; Wes Campbell; David Diemert; Tiffany Schwasinger-Schmidt; Caryn G. Morse; John W. Sanders; John Williamson; Angelique Luabeya; Elizabeth Bukusi; Nelly Mugo; Hannah Kibuuka; Betty Mwesigwe; Andrew Kambugu; Apolo P. Balyegisawa; Kathleen Mullane; Ben Andagalu; Lucas Tina; Nathaniel Copeland; Jack Hutter; Claudio L. de las Casas; Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios; Joseph J. Eron; Judith S. Currier; Myron S. Cohen; Kami Kim; Richard N. Greenberg; Margaret Kasaro; Sinead Delaney-Moretlwe; Rodney Dawson; Carmen Paez; Nicole Grunenberg; William O. Hahn; Huub C. Gelderbloom; Michele P. Andrasik; Stephaun E. Wallace