Abstract
The current study results attribute great importance to the role of clusters in innovation and competitive development creation. While seeking not so much the operational solutions, but the main components that form the cluster management process, it was noticed that a cluster – despite being already well- defined— does not come into being together with the declaration, willingness, initiative or the signing of the document. The creation and development of clusters is a long term process that can last for years and is exposed to a number of strategic obstacles. The experience both on a national and global level relating to the dynamics of the development of clusters show how difficult this task is, especially in a knowledge-based economy. The development of specialization and knowledge in clusters is no longer linear in nature, based on knowledge generated by the function of research and development of an individual company. It is defined as the result of a process of interaction through inter-organizational relationships, providing access to various types of resources. The article assumes that clusters in Poland after the quantum boom, are moving to the next phase of development based on improvement of activities. The aim of the article is to present the dynamics of cluster development in Poland. The research was done in 2015-2017, but the research period covered the years 2003-2016. Besides basic information on: number of clusters, year of creation, number of cluster members etc., the article analyzes cluster specializations against the background of smart specializations being developed in regions in Poland. Furthermore, the article presents the preliminary results of research on meeting management standards by Polish clusters. The research was based on PARP (The Polish Agency for Enterprise Development) project data and own studies.
Highlights
For over 100 years clusters have constituted the basis for discussions on the benefits and their impact on the development of the economies of countries and regions
The experience both on a national and global level relating to the dynamics of the development of clusters show how difficult this task is, especially in a knowledge-based economy
Assuming a synthesis of the theory of clusters description one may assume that from the standpoint of evolution, clusters can be assessed in terms of four strengths: cluster as a strength of a region describing aggregations as well as regional and local specialties; cluster as a strength of a sector or inter-sectoral relations forming the competitive edge of companies and business networks; cluster as a strength of inter-organizational relations based on social capital and trust; cluster as a strength of knowledge, its collection, exchange and creation of knowledge network
Summary
For over 100 years clusters have constituted the basis for discussions on the benefits and their impact on the development of the economies of countries and regions. Now is the moment to verify the number of clusters in Poland and assess their effects. Development of Clusters in Poland Lilla Knop assumption (hypothesis) is adopted that strength of clusters in Poland is emphasized from the perspective of regional development through the prism of companies competitiveness and innovativeness growth. The studies consisted of three phases: Phase 1: verification of clusters number in Poland and presentation of the main characteristics; Phase 2: characteristics of clusters specialization on the background of regional smart specializations; Phase 3: assessment of management standards in clusters. The studies used the basic quantitative analyses and expert assessment
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