Development of Candelilla Wax Oleogels as a Medium of Controlled Release of Phosphorus in an In Vitro Model

Genaro Olmos-Oropeza,Jorge Fernando Toro-Vazquez,Laura Araceli López-Martínez,Armando Sánchez-Macías,María Zenaida Saavedra-Leos,Luis Gerardo Martínez-Juárez,Mayra Aguilar-Zárate

doi:10.3390/app11093815

Genaro Olmos-Oropeza, Jorge Fernando Toro-Vazquez + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093815

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Abstract

Candelilla wax (CW) oleogels were developed as an alternative bolus material for delivering phosphorus into the rumen of goats. The systems were studied at three CW concentrations (10%, 15% and 20%) in vegetable oil. Each oleogel was added with a specific amount of calcium orthophosphate as a phosphorus source. The thermomechanical properties of the oleogels were characterized by DSC and rheology, and the viability of phosphorus delivery was evaluated using a laboratory model in two mediums (one aqueous and another with ruminal fluid). The results showed that the oleogels had a higher melting point (~52.8 °C) than the temperature of the ruminal environment and greater G′ values (1.6 × 106 Pa in 20% CW oleogel with phosphorus). Such characteristics guaranteed the integrity of the materials during the process in the model systems studied. It was demonstrated that when using the 20% CW oleogel, the phosphorus was slowly released for 84 h, completing a maximum of 83.3–98% of the total amount of phosphorus added to the bolus (in the aqueous and ruminal fluid models, respectively). These results enable us to propose this material as a delivery system for phosphorus supplementation in goats. Its effectivity in goats will be evaluated in future in vivo investigations.

Highlights

Goats are ideal domesticated animals for farming in arid and semiarid areas because of their adaptability and eating habits
We proposed to engineer slow-release phosphorus boluses made from oleogels using biological materials such as vegetable oil and candelilla wax (CW) for use as a phosphorus supplement for goats
The oleogels developed with 10%, 15% and 20% CW in vegetable oil presented thermomechanical properties that permitted preservation of their integrity during the digestive processes in the in vitro aqueous and ruminal models

Summary

Introduction

Goats are ideal domesticated animals for farming in arid and semiarid areas because of their adaptability and eating habits. Different studies have shown that oleogels are a viable alternative for saturated and trans fat substitution in food products [23,29,30,31,32] and cosmetic uses [33,34], and recently, they have been used for the controlled supply of substances such as minerals and pharmaceutical products, achieving a fluid exchange capacity with the environment [35,36,37] For this reason, our hypothesis is that the physical and chemical characteristics of oleogels could enable the delivery of controlled amounts of phosphorus in the ruminal matrix. The objectives of the present work are to develop CW oleogels and evaluate their functionality as a medium of controlled phosphorus release in an in vitro model

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