Abstract
Biopolymer films based on apple skin powder (ASP) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were developed with the addition of apple skin extract (ASE) and tartaric acid (TA). ASP/CMC composite films were prepared by mixing CMC with ASP solution using a microfluidization technique to reduce particle size. Then, various concentrations of ASE and TA were incorporated into the film solution as an antioxidant and an antimicrobial agent, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), optical, mechanical, water barrier, and solubility properties of the developed films were then evaluated to determine the effects of ASE and TA on physicochemical properties. The films were also analyzed for antioxidant effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial activities against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Shigella flexneri. From the results, the ASP/CMC film containing ASE and TA was revealed to enhance the mechanical, water barrier, and solubility properties. Moreover, it showed the additional antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for application as an active packaging film.
Highlights
Petrochemical-based plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene have been widely used as packaging films due to their availability at low cost and their good mechanical properties
Since the apple skin extract (ASE) contains a large amount of polyphenol compounds including flavonoids and anthocyanin [20], a change in the ASE content could lead to a change in the color of the biopolymer film, as demonstrated by our previous study [15]
When ASE and tartaric acid (TA) were incorporated into the apple skin powder (ASP) and CMC composite film, the WVP and tensile strength decreased and the elongation at break increased
Summary
Petrochemical-based plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene have been widely used as packaging films due to their availability at low cost and their good mechanical properties. In a previous study, a film made exclusively from apple skin showed poor film-forming ability [8], making it impossible to be applied in the food packaging industry. For these reasons, other materials are clearly needed to be put into apple skin-based products in order to improve the film-forming properties. We sought (1) to develop apple skin-based bioplastic film formulations and (2) to measure the effect of apple skin extract (ASE), and TA addition to mechanical and water barrier properties as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the developed films
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