Abstract
In this work, bioactive glass (BG) particles synthesized by a sol-gel method, hyaluronic acid (HYA) and collagen (COL) extracted from chicken eggshell membrane (ESM), and as-purchased polycaprolactone (PCL) were used to obtain a novel bioactive scaffold using the gel-pressing technique. Two composite mixtures in weight percent were obtained and identified as SCF-1 and SCF-2, and were characterized by using FTIR, XRD, and SEM techniques. Subsequently, the composite materials applied as coatings were evaluated in simulated body fluid solutions using electrochemical techniques. The results of bioactivity and biodegradability evaluations, carried out by immersing in simulated body fluid and phosphate-buffered saline solution, showed that the SCF-1 sample presented the best biocompatibility. In accordance with the potentiodynamic results, the 316L-SS and the SCF-1-coated SS showed a very similar corrosion potential (E corr ), around −228 mV, and current density (i corr ) values in close proximity, while the SCF-2-coated SS showed more positive E corr around −68 mV and lower i corr value in one order of magnitude. These results agree with those obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which show a corrosion mechanism governed by activation and finite diffusion through the porous layer. In addition, results were complemented by dynamic compression testing under oscillating forces to identify the developed scaffolds’ response under external forces, where the SCF-1 scaffold presented a maximum compression. The degradation resistance, bioactivity, and mechanically obtained measurements provided interesting results for potential further studies in tissue engineering.
Highlights
One of the challenges in developing substitute materials for use in biomedical engineering applications is satisfying the requirement to develop them while meeting societal and environmental expectations and requirements
Crystals, and PCL phases assessed as scaffolds or coatings, the following conclusions are described: Microstructural characterization results showed that eggshell membrane (ESM) is composed of collagen and hyaluronic acid with highly cross-linked proteinic fibers incorporated into the bioactive glass (BG) crystals and PCL matrix, forming structured morphological scaffolds
The XRD results for the composites SCF-1 and SCF-2 showed an increasing crystallinity associated with the amount of the BG phase present in the scaffolds
Summary
One of the challenges in developing substitute materials for use in biomedical engineering applications is satisfying the requirement to develop them while meeting societal and environmental expectations and requirements. The materials used in these biomedical applications should be synthesized using methods which avoid the use of toxic solvents while promoting their compatibility and enriching and enhancing their properties as a consequence of the interfacial interaction between macromolecules and the inorganic surface. Certain factors must be Development of BG-ESM-PCL Composite Materials considered in the selection and use of materials in biological applications, such as their mechanical behavior, thermal and electrical conductivity, biostability, biocompatibility, biodegradability (anodic dissolution rate), diffusivity, and permeability of body fluids. Mechanical properties are dependent on age, bone quality, and type. Compact bone is stronger in compression with a Young’s modulus of 7–16 GPa. While trabecular bone, with a modulus between ~0.05–0.5 GPa, is an anisotropic and porous composite, its mechanical properties depend on the porosity and on the arrangement of each trabecula. With a modulus between ~0.05–0.5 GPa, is an anisotropic and porous composite, its mechanical properties depend on the porosity and on the arrangement of each trabecula. (Wang et al, 2016; Kaczmarek et al, 2017)
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