Development of Arabinoxylan-Reinforced Apple Pectin/Graphene Oxide/Nano-Hydroxyapatite Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds with Controlled Release of Drug for Bone Tissue Engineering: In-Vitro Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity against MC3T3-E1

Wafa Shamsan Al-Arjan,Samina Nazir,Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir,Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan,Saiful Izwan Abd Razak

doi:10.3390/coatings10111120

Abstract

Fabrication of reinforced scaffolds to repair and regenerate defected bone is still a major challenge. Bone tissue engineering is an advanced medical strategy to restore or regenerate damaged bone. The excellent biocompatibility and osteogenesis behavior of porous scaffolds play a critical role in bone regeneration. In current studies, we synthesized polymeric nanocomposite material through free-radical polymerization to fabricate porous nanocomposite scaffolds by freeze drying. Functional group, surface morphology, porosity, pore size, and mechanical strength were examined through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Single-Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), and Universal Testing Machine (UTM), respectively. These nanocomposites exhibit enhanced compressive strength (from 4.1 to 16.90 MPa), Young’s modulus (from 13.27 to 29.65 MPa) with well appropriate porosity and pore size (from 63.72 ± 1.9 to 45.75 ± 6.7 µm), and a foam-like morphology. The increasing amount of graphene oxide (GO) regulates the porosity and mechanical behavior of the nanocomposite scaffolds. The loading and sustained release of silver-sulfadiazine was observed to be 90.6% after 260 min. The in-vitro analysis was performed using mouse pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines. The developed nanocomposite scaffolds exhibited excellent biocompatibility. Based on the results, we propose these novel nanocomposites can serve as potential future biomaterials to repair defected bone with the load-bearing application, and in bone tissue engineering.

Highlights

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is an advanced and possible alternative solution for current surgical bone grafting approaches using porous biomaterials
The design and composition of the artificial bone is a major objective in bone regeneration, and choosing appropriate materials to fabricate nanocomposite scaffolds can meet this challenge
The porous scaffolds should facilitate the growth of osteogenic cells, which is an ideal property of the porous scaffolds

Summary

Introduction

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is an advanced and possible alternative solution for current surgical bone grafting approaches using porous biomaterials. BTE aims to support, facilitate, and regenerate the damaged or fractured bones using porous scaffolds. It is an effective and quick solution to heal defects of bones, to eliminate the donor deficiency problem; source limitation, and problems with conventional tissue implants (allograft and autograph) [1,2]. The nanocomposite scaffold should resemble the extracellular matrix (ECM) to facilitate the osteogenesis and must regenerate the host bone by restoring its functionality [3]. The porous scaffolds with appropriate structure, interconnected porosity, and greater surface area have a positive impact on bone regeneration that facilitates the tissue growth response [4]

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Results

Conclusion