Abstract
The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique was used, for the first time, to obtain protein extracts with antioxidant activity from side streams (muscle, heads, viscera, skin, and tailfins) of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in order to give added value to these underutilized matrices. Extraction conditions previously optimized for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) side streams were applied. Protein recovery percentages were 22% (muscle), 33% (heads), 78% (viscera), 24% (skin), and 26% (tailfins), which represented an increase of 1.2–4.5-fold compared to control samples (extraction by stirring). The SDS-PAGE profiles revealed that PLE-assisted extraction influenced protein molecular weight distribution of the obtained extracts. PLE conditions also allowed increasing the antioxidant capacity measured by both Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC; 1.3–2.4 fold) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC; 1.9–6.4) assays for all fish extracts. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-qTOF-MS) were used to investigate the presence of toxic metals and mycotoxins in sea bream side streams. The levels of As, Hg, Cd, and Pb were below those established by authorities for fish muscle for human consumption (except for Cd in viscera samples). Through a nontargeted screening approach, no mycotoxins or related metabolites were detected for all sea bream side streams. This study contributes to the research on the valorization of fish processing side streams using environmentally friendly technology.
Highlights
The European Union (EU) is the world’s second largest trader of fishery and aquaculture products after China [1]
pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was successfully applied for the first time in this present study to obtain protein extracts with antioxidant activity from gilthead sea bream processing side streams in a sustainable way
The highest protein recovery percentage (78%) was found in viscera, while the highest antioxidant capacity was observed in muscle left over
Summary
The European Union (EU) is the world’s second largest trader of fishery and aquaculture products after China [1]. One of the most significant growths in recent years was obtained for European gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), reaching 94.936 tons and 485 million EUR in 2017 [2]. This trend is supported by the increased demand, which, together with the consumer growing interest in convenience products, has led to a greater manufacture of gutted and filleted sea bream [3]. An increase in gilthead sea bream side streams in the upcoming years is expected
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