Abstract
Nanosized Ag3PO4 loaded hydroxyapatite which was prepared by a novel low temperature phosphorization of 3D printed calcium sulfate dihydrate at the nominal silver concentration of 0.001 M and 0.005 M was impregnated by two antibiotics including gentamicin and vancomycin. Phase composition, microstructure, antibiotics loading, silver content, antimicrobial performance, and cytotoxic potential of the prepared samples were characterized. It was found that the fabricated sample consisted of hydroxyapatite as a main phase and spherical‐shaped silver phosphate nanoparticles distributing within the cluster of hydroxyapatite crystals. Antibacterial activity of the samples against two bacterial strains (gram negative P. aeruginosa and gram positive S. aureus) was carried out. It was found that the combination of antibiotics and nanosized Ag3PO4 in hydroxyapatite could enhance the antibacterial performance of the samples by increasing the duration in which the materials exhibited antibacterial property and the size of the inhibition zone depending on the type of antibiotics and bacterial strains compared to those contained antibiotics or nanosilver phosphate alone. Cytotoxic potential against osteoblasts of antibiotics impregnated nanosilver phosphate hydroxyapatite was found to depend on the combination of antibiotics content, type of antibiotics, and nanosilver phosphate content.
Highlights
Hydroxyapatite is one of calcium phosphate family which is widely used for bone repairs and reconstruction due to its osteoconductive property
This was owing to the greater gelation ability of vancomycin at high concentration compared to gentamicin
The combined use of nanosilver phosphate and antibiotics could enhance the antibacterial performance of the hydroxyapatite samples
Summary
Hydroxyapatite is one of calcium phosphate family which is widely used for bone repairs and reconstruction due to its osteoconductive property. Antibiotics impregnated hydroxyapatite which was prepared by a novel low temperature phosphorization route was developed for bone infection treatment by providing local, sustained, and high concentration of antimicrobial agents while function as a restorable bone graft for new bone formation in the injured area [1, 2]. The advantages of this approach were that it minimized systemic complications which would expose patients to antibiotic levels that often would result in numerous toxic side effects, improved clinical efficacy, and eliminated the need for additional bone grafting. It was shown previously that the combination of nanosilver and antibiotics could enhance the antibacterial performance depending on the bacterial
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